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eISSN: 1390-8146
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Characterization and spatial georeferencing of the
physical properties of Eutric Fluvisols soils for agricultural
use in the "La María" Experimental Farm in the Mocache
Canton.
Characterization and spatial georeferencing of the physical
properties of Eutric Fluvisols soils for agricultural use in the "La
María" Experimental Farm in the Mocache Canton
Submitted (02.09.2020) Accepted (12.02.2021)
ABSTRACT
This work was carried out in the Experimental Farm "La María" of
the State Technical University of Quevedo (UTEQ) with the
objective of characterizing and georeferencing the physical
properties of the Eutric Fluvisols soils for agricultural use in the
farm "La María". Where there is a lack of knowledge of the physical
characteristics, inadequate management and use of soils being
necessary the use of technologies such as geographic information
systems (GIS) that allow storing, analyzing and managing activities
of the different sites of agricultural interest. This research was
conducted from June to October 2018, using a completely
randomized design (CRD) with 20 treatments considered by
horizons and surfaces in 3 replications. The data were analyzed in
the statistical program InfoStat free version (VL), and subjected to
Tukey's test at 95% probability. These results were plotted on a
georeferenced map in a GIS (ARGIS) (VL), WGS 1984 UTM Zone 17S
coordinate system. The soils of the "La María" farm had an average
bulk density of 1.18 g/cm3 and real density of 2.24 g/cm3. There
was a pore space percentage of 46%, average moisture percentage
of 41%, and soil aggregate size of 4.28 mm. In the texture analysis,
85% of the soils of the farm have a loamy soil texture.
Keywords: Calicata, munsell, coordinates, GPS, georeferenced.
Luis Fernando Salazar Carranza
Agricultural Engineer Universidad Técnica Estatal de
Quevedo, Postgraduate Unit, Master's Degree in
Agronomy, Mention in Sustainable Agricultural
Production, Quevedo, Los Ríos, Ecuador.
luis.salazar2013@uteq.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5046-8507
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Master's Degree in Plant Sciences, mention in plant
production, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo,
Faculty of Livestock Sciences, Quevedo, Ecuador.
dvveliz@uteq.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2039-8741
Gregorio Humberto Vásconez Montúfar
Master in Plant Production, PhD in Agricultural Sciences,
Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, Facultad de
Ciencias Pecuarias, Quevedo, Ecuador.
gvasconez@uteq.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1260-8075
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
Master in Sciences, mention in Genetics. D. in
Agricultural Sciences Universidad Técnica Estatal de
Quevedo, Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Quevedo,
Ecuador. cmestanza@uteq.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-170X
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
Master in Digital Transformation in the Agri-Food and
Forestry Sector, Graduate of the University of Cordoba-
(UCO), Cordoba, Spain.
john.pinargote2013@uteq.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8065-5124
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria
Investigación y Saberes
Vol. - 11 No. 2
May - August 2021
e-ISSN: 1390-8146
30-43
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
11 (2) 2021
1390-8146
RESUMEN
Este trabajo se realizó en la Finca Experimental “La María” de la Universidad Técnica
Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ) con, el objetivo es caracterizar y georreferenciar las
propiedades físicas de los suelos Eutric Fluvisols de uso agropecuario en la finca “La
María”. Donde existe el desconocimiento de las características físicas, inadecuado
manejo y uso de los suelos siendo necesario el uso de tecnologías como los sistemas de
información geográfica (SIG) que permita almacenar, analizar y gestionar actividades de
los diferentes sitios de interés agropecuario. Esta investigación se realizó entre junio a
octubre del 2018, empleando un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con 20
tratamientos considerados por horizontes y superficies en 3 repeticiones. Los datos
fueron analizados en el programa estadístico InfoStat versión libre (VL), y sometidos a la
prueba de Tukey al 95% de probabilidad. Estos resultados se graficaron en un mapa
georreferenciado en un SIG (ARGIS) (VL), Sistema de coordenadas WGS 1984 UTM Zona
17S. Los suelos de la finca “La María” presentaron una densidad aparente promedio de
1.18 g/cm3 y densidad real 2.24 g/cm3. Existiendo un porcentaje de espacio poroso del
46%, porcentaje humedad promedio de 41%, tamaño de agregados del suelo de 4.28 mm.
En el análisis de textura un 85% de los suelos de la finca poseen una textura de suelo de
tipo franca.
Palabras clave: Calicata, munsell, coordenadas, GPS, georreferenciado.
1. Introduction
Ecuador is characterized by the abundant diversity of its natural resources, where
the different types of soils and climatic floors with great agricultural potential of
the different Regions such as Coast, Highlands, East and Galapagos stand out,
according to INEC Ecuador as of 2017 has a total area of 25'558,691 hectares
where 12'355,146 hectares destined for agriculture (Rodriguez, 2016).
The importance of the determination of the physical characteristics is that it
allows us to know the properties of the soil such as the texture allows us to know
the composition of the soil according to the size of its particles, the apparent
density and real density that allow us to know the relationship between a unit of
weight over volume g/cm3, the percentage of moisture present in the soil and the
pore space that will serve for water relations, We also analyzed the size of the
aggregates that are the product of the grouping of soil particles forming a larger
structure called clod capable of retaining more water, nutrients, organic matter,
air and air circulation through pores and micropores between mass, favoring the
structure of the soil itself and the crops as well.
At the "La María" Experimental Farm, there is a lack of knowledge and information
on the physical characteristics of the soil, making it necessary to create a support
system to make informed decisions on the use of agricultural and livestock land.
32
Luis Fernando Salazar Carranza
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Gregorio Humberto Vásconez Montúfar
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
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11 (2) 2021
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The soils of the "La María" farm are inadequately managed for agricultural and
livestock activities, causing deterioration of the soil structure and with it the
modification of other soil properties. Where it is necessary to have physical-digital
maps at present is not enough being necessary the use of Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) that allow us to store, describe, categorize, manage, analyze spatial
information of sites of interest.
With this background, it is necessary to create, determine and provide
information on the soils of the "La María" farm in order to know the particularities
of the different treatments under study. This will allow an adequate and rational
use of the soil based on the results obtained. This collected information requires
the use of technologies such as GIS and Global Geo-positioning Systems (GPS).
The objective is to characterize and georeference the physical properties of the
Eutric Fluvisols soils for agricultural use at the UTEQ "La María" farm through the
study of soil density (apparent and real), porosity, moisture content, textural
classes, soil aggregate size and horizon depth. The experimental sites were also
georeferenced on the farm map.
Materials and methods
Investigation procedure.
In the development of this work we started with the distribution of sites to
perform the pits in the Experimental Farm "La María" and their respective
geographical coordinates with the help of a GPS, then, we made the opening of
the pits with the following dimensions of 1m wide, 1 meter long and a depth of
1.5 meters. Each test pit was considered a treatment, where the samples were
collected and labeled on the surface (S) and from the different Horizon A (HA),
Horizon B (HB) and Horizon C (HC).
The samples were dried at room temperature for 7 days and sieved with a <2mm
sieve. Then the determination of the soil physical properties was carried out at
the Soil and Water Laboratory of the UTEQ.
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Table 1 Shows detailed information on the treatments, established crops,
geographic coordinates in X and Y, as well as meters above sea level.
Treatments
Cultivation
Geographical coordinates
WGS 1984 UTM Zone 17S.
M.S.N.M
EAST(X)
NORTH (Y)
1
Banana
0666665
9880325
Corn
0666796
9880330
African Palm
0666782
9880306
Teak
0666889
9880323
5
Quinoa
0666855
9880182
Short Cycle 1
0666796
9880186
Citrus
0666632
9880067
Banana 1
0666724
9879945
Fruit trees
0666614
9879992
Soursop
0666599
9879935
Cocoa CCN-51
0667087
9880109
National Cocoa
0667058
9879998
Banana 2
0667082
9879935
Short cycle 2
0667161
9879888
Brachiaria
0666940
9879762
Savoy Pasture
0666626
9879489
Savoy Pasture
0666514
9879283
Savoy Pasture
0666444
9878938
Savoy Pasture
0666621
9878683
Savoy Pasture
0666494
0978583
M.S.N.M: meters above sea level.
Experimental Design.
A completely randomized design (CRD) was used, with 20 treatments analyzing
the surface layer and the horizons of each test pit, with 3 replications. Qualitative
and quantitative variables were studied in this research.
Statistical analysis.
It was performed by analysis of variance (ANDEVA) and the averages were
compared by Tukey's test (P≤0.05), with the use of InfoStat software free version
(VL). Data, Tables and figures were made in EXCEL spreadsheets (VL) of the
Microsoft Office package. The graphics of the maps and data processing were
performed in the ArcGIS (VL) program.
34
Luis Fernando Salazar Carranza
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Gregorio Humberto Vásconez Montúfar
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
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11 (2) 2021
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Geographic coordinate system.
The distribution and collection of geographic coordinates was carried out by
means of a GPS, with the WGS 1984 UTM Zone 17S system.
Methodologies used.
For the determination of bulk density (Da), the cylinder method was used for the
samples of horizons A, B and C. Methodology proposed by Dörner et al.(2011).
The pycnometer method was used to determine the true density (Dr) in the
samples of horizons A, B and C. Methodology proposed by
CandoandCollantes(2014).
The pore space (Ep) was calculated by the difference between (Dr/Da) expressed
in (%) in the A, B and C horizons. Methodology proposed by Dörner et al.(2011).
To determine the percentage of moisture expressed as a percentage (%), the oven
method was used at 105 ºC for 24 hours in the samples of horizons A, B, C and S.
The methodology proposed by Dörner et al.(2009).
The aggregate size (AT) was determined by measuring the soil clods expressed in
mm in the surface samples. Methodology proposed by Dörner et al.(2011).
The Bouyoucos method was used to determine the texture, in the samples of
horizons A, B, C and S. And the classification to which type of soil corresponds
according to the textural triangle The methodology proposed by, "The United
States Department of Agriculture (USDA)" (Fernandez Dörner et al., 2011).
3. Results
Analysis of bulk density and true density.
Table 2 shows the average bulk and actual densities of the treatments evaluated
in horizons A, B and C, which show statistical differences at 95% probability,
according to the Tukey test. The bulk density (DA) in Horizon A (HA) showed a
statistical difference (P<0.05) with an overall average of 1.10 g/cm3. Where T16
presented the highest DA of 1.35 g/cm3 while T14 had the lowest value of 0.85
g/cm3 presenting a cv of 9.53%. While in Horizon B (HB) showed statistical
difference (P<0.05), presenting a general average DA of 1.20 g/cm3 where T9
reached the highest value of 1.55 g/cm3 while T2 reflected the lowest DA of 0.98
g/cm3 with a cv of 7.03%. Consequently, Horizon C (HC) showed statistical
difference (P<0.05), with overall average DA of 1.26 g/cm3 where T14 with 1.41
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g/cm3 higher than all treatments and T18 with 1.03 g/cm3 lower than all, with a
cv of 8.09%.
The results obtained in this research are similar to those obtained by Novillo et
al.(2018), entitled "Soil physical properties in different agricultural systems in the
Province of Los Ríos, Ecuador in 2017 where they investigated soil physical
variables in 5 different monocultures of the area in the Province of Los Ríos,
studying different soil depths for the bulk density variable using the waxed clod
method, obtaining value of 0.83g/cm3 in corn (Zea mays L.) and bulk densities of
1.50 g/cm3 in African Palm (Elaeis guineensis) under similar agroclimatic
conditions. Adding that the bulk density is linked to the type of crop present and
its root system and the agricultural activities developed in it.
The averages of real density RD in the HA showed statistical difference at 95%
probability according to the Tukey test, with an overall average of 2.29 g/cm3
where T17 presented the highest RD of 2.68 g/cm3 higher than all the treatments
and T2 with 1.95 g/cm3 was lower, presenting a cv 7.42%. While the RD in HB and
HC showed no statistical difference (P<0.05), presenting an overall average of 2.25
g/cm3 and 2.19 g/cm3 respectively. Table 2.
In the analysis of the data in real density are similar to those obtained by Novillo
et al.(2018), employing the pycnometer method in fluid displacement, registering
an overall average of 2.20 g/cm3 in 5 different monocultures of the area in the
Province of Los Ríos.
Table 2. Averages of bulk and real density in the A, B and C horizons in different
sites of the soils of the "La María" farm, July 2018.
Bulk density g/cm3
Actual density g/cm3
Treat.
Horizon A
Horizon B
Horizon C
Horizon A
Horizon B
Horizon C
1
1.11 abcd
1.10 bc
1.05 b
2.31 abc
1.85 a
1.79 a
0.85 f
0.98 c
1.33 ab
1.95 c
2.27 a
2.34 a
1.29 ab
1.14 bc
1.12 ab
2.34 abc
2.15 a
1.91 a
1.34 a
1.24 b
1.25 ab
2.19 abc
2.06 a
2.41 a
5
0.99 bcd
1.33 ab
1.34 ab
2.16 abc
2.29 a
2.11 a
0.89 cd
1.24 b
1.15 ab
2.21 abc
2.13 a
2.18 a
1.08 abcd
1.15 bc
1.28 ab
2.30 abc
2.27 a
2.21 a
1.11 abcd
1.24 bc
1.18 ab
2.39 abc
2.12 a
2.25 a
1.07 abcd
1.55 a
1.34 ab
2.25 abc
2.29 a
2.30 a
1.21 abc
1..08 bc
1.25 ab
2.23 abc
2.13 a
2.09 a
36
Luis Fernando Salazar Carranza
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Gregorio Humberto Vásconez Montúfar
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
11 (2) 2021
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1.24 ab
1.25 b
1.29 ab
2.13 bc
2.56 a
1.86 a
0.89 cd
1.18 bc
1.38 a
2.18 abc
2.32 a
2.25 a
1.13 abcd
1.17 bc
1.41 a
2.28 abc
2.19 a
2.28 a
0.90 cd
1.20 bc
1.41 a
2.24 abc
2.56 a
2.25 a
1.22 abc
1.15 bc
1.34 ab
2.39 abc
2.33 a
2.05 a
1.35 a
1.26 b
1.17 ab
2.62 ab
2.21 a
2.40 a
1.16 abcd
1.25 b
1.28 ab
2.68 a
2.54 a
2.30 a
1.00 bcd
1.09 bc
1.03 b
2.18 abc
2.21 a
2.16 a
1.22 abc
1.30 ab
1.33 ab
2.26 abc
2.40 a
2.41 a
0.97 bcd
1.17 bc
1.24 ab
2.54 ab
2.21 a
2.24 a
x
1.10
1.20
1.25
2.29
2.25
2.19
P<(0.05)
0.0001**
0.0001**
0.0003**
0.0001**
0.1381ns
0.0265ns
CV
9.53%
7.03%
8.09%
7.42%
10.91%
9.73%
Treatments; x: Mean; P<(0.05): Probability value; CV: Coefficient of variation; ns:
not significant; *: significant; **: highly significant. Similar letter in vertical
direction does not present a difference.
Analysis of pore space, pore number and aggregate sizes.
Table 3 shows the averages of pore space (PS) and aggregate size (AS) of the
treatments evaluated in the A, B, C and surface (S) horizons, reflecting statistical
differences at 95% probability, according to the Tukey test. The EP in the HA
showed statistical difference (P<0.05) with an overall average of 51.40% where
T20 was superior with 61.81% and the lowest was T4 with 38.77% presenting a cv
of 12.08%. While the EP of HB showed statistical difference (P<0.05), with overall
average of 46.04% where T2 achieved the highest value of 56.72% and the lowest
was T9 with 32.11% with a cv of 14.92%. Consequently, the EP in the HC showed
statistical difference (P<0.05), in the HC existing an overall average of 42.09%
being T18 who presented the highest value with 52.04% and T11 obtained the
lowest value of 31.49% a cv of 15.15%. Table 3.
According to the results of González et al.(2011) in the research entitled
"Characterization of soil porosity as an indicator of soil physical quality in 2011 in
the analysis of pore space" by means of the difference between (Dr/Da) expressed
in percentage, presented pore space values of 32% in semi-naked areas, resulting
in a lower value than the present research, obtaining values of 46.51% (EP). The
pore space is related to water retention, infiltration, water runoff, water-air flow
ratio, root penetration and displacement, and the physical, chemical and
biological exchange of the soil, as also stated by González et al.(2011).
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In the "Guide for the description of soils according to FAO(2009), in 2009, it states
different ranges of porosity, expressing them as follows: low 2-5%, medium
between 5-15%, high 15-40% and very high when it is >40%, concluding that the
soils of the "La María" farm have high and very high porosity.
The aggregate size of the topsoil at the different sites evaluated showed statistical
differences at 95% probability, according to the Tukey test. The aggregate size in
S showed a statistical difference (P<0.05) with an overall average of 4.28 mm. T19
had the highest aggregate size value of 5.60 mm. Where T4 had the lowest value
with 2.80 mm presenting a cv of 14.49%. Table 3.
Aggregate size according to the research of Gabioud et al.(2011) is the work of
"Analysis of aggregate stability by the method of le bissonnais in three orders of
soils" where they presented average values of 2.77mm, noting that this value is
lower than the research developed in T19 a value of 5.60mm. On the other hand,
the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT, 2013), in the Agropastoral
Systems Manual, points out that the size of the aggregates is related to the
intensity of use of tillage, machinery or activities developed in the soil.
Table 3. Averages of pore space A, B, C and aggregate size in Surface (S) in different
sites of the soils of "La María" farm, July 2018.
Treat.
Percentage of pore space (%)
Aggregate size (mm)
Horizon A
Horizon B
Horizon C
Surface
1
52.00 abc
39.95 ab
40.88 ab
4.67 abcde
56.32 abc
56.71 a
43.22ab
4.40 abcde
44.68 abc
46.67 ab
40.82 ab
3.40 cd
38.77 c
39.65 ab
48.17 ab
5.07 abcd
5
53.61 abc
41.88 ab
35.81 ab
4.80 abcd
59.16 ab
41.31 ab
47.34 ab
2.80 e
52.55 abc
48.05 ab
41.77 ab
5.20 abc
53.45 abc
41.62 ab
47.39 ab
3.67 bcd
52.17 abc
32.11 b
41.16 ab
3.27 of
45.70 abc
48.99 ab
39.87 ab
4.47 abcde
41.41 bc
51.32 ab
31.49 b
4.73 abcd
58.70 ab
49.07 ab
38.05 ab
4.87 abcd
50.34 abc
46.20 ab
38.26 ab
4.33 abcde
59.97 ab
52.75 ab
37.46 ab
3.47 cd
48.39 abc
50.38 ab
34.62 ab
3.20 of
48.32 abc
42.27 ab
50.99 ab
3.40 cd
38
Luis Fernando Salazar Carranza
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Gregorio Humberto Vásconez Montúfar
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
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56.69 abc
48.94 ab
43.98 ab
3.47 cd
53.91 abc
50.81 ab
52.04 a
5.27 abc
45.51 abc
45.91 ab
44.47 ab
5.60 a
61.81 a
46.26 ab
44.09 ab
5.47 ab
51.40
46.04
42.09
4.28
P<(0.05)
0.0014**
0.0303*
0.0206*
0.0001**
c.v.
12.08
14.92
15.15
14.49
Treatment: Treatment; x: Mean; P<(0.05): Probability value; CV: Coefficient of
variation; ns: not significant; *: significant; **: highly significant. Similar letter in
vertical direction does not present a difference.
Moisture percentage analysis
Table 4 shows the soil moisture averages in the treatments evaluated in the A, B,
C and surface horizons, reflecting statistical differences at 95% probability,
according to the Tukey test. The percentage of moisture in the HA showed
statistical difference (P<0.05) with an overall average of 35.40% being the highest
in T12 with a value of 64.00% being superior to T17 with 18% presenting a cv of
12.00. While the percentage of moisture in the HB showed statistical significance
(P<0.05), it presented a general average of 43.27% where T12 presented the
highest value of 63.33% being superior to T18 with 16.67% with a cv of 7.82.
Consequently, the percentage of moisture in HC showed statistical significance
(P<0.05), with an overall average of 44.80%, where T3 with 70% was superior to
T14 with 12% and a cv of 7.82 (Table 3). The percentage of moisture in S showed
statistical difference (P<0.05) with a general average of 31.10%, the highest being
T6 with a value of 44.67% being superior to T20 with 15.33% presenting a cv of
26.81.
According to GarciaandSchlatter(2012), in the analysis of soil moisture percentage
in the research entitled "Characterization of soils along an altitudinal gradient in
Ecuador, in their analysis of moisture percentage where presenting volumetric
moisture values of 41.2mm being similar to those obtained in this research.
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Table 4. Averages of the percentage of moisture in the A, B, C horizons and surface
layer in different sites of the soils of the "La María" farm, July 2018.
Treat.
Moisture content (%)
Horizon A
Horizon B
Horizon C
Surface
1
24.00 gh
50.67 bcde
58.67 bcd
32.67 ab
33.33 efg
33.33 ghi
33.33 fgh
26.00 ab
40.00 cde
49.33 bcdef
70.00 a
40.67 ab
36.67 def
60.00 ab
60.00 abcd
36.00 ab
5
51.33 b
50.00 bcdef
58.00 cd
39.33 ab
40.00 cde
33.33 ghi
60.00 abcd
44.67 a
32.00 efg
46.00 cdef
53.33 cd
23.33 ab
31.33 efg
52.67 abcd
69.33 ab
38.67 ab
49.33 bc
40.00 efgh
60.67 abcd
28.67 ab
34.67 defg
56.00 abc
64.00 abc
36.00 ab
16.67 h
24.00 ij
30.00 gh
20.00 ab
64.00 a
63.33 a
42.00 ef
26.67 ab
31.33 efg
38.67 fgh
25.33 h
40.67 ab
44.67 bcd
43.33 defgh
12.00 i
40.67 ab
26.00 fgh
58.67 ab
30.00 gh
42.00 a
26.00 fgh
54.00 abcd
31.33 fgh
22.67 ab
18.00 h
32.00 hi
28.00 gh
31.33 ab
34.67 defg
16.67 j
50.67 of
16.00 b
38.67 cde
44.00 defg
36.67 fg
20.67 ab
35.33 def
19.33 j
22.67 hi
15.33 b
35.40
43.27
44.80
31.10
P<(0.05)
0.0001**
0.0001**
0.0001**
0.0002**
CV
12.00
8.87
7.82
26.81
x: Mean; P<(0.05): Probability Value; CV: Coefficient of Variation; ns: not significant; *:
significant; **: highly significant. Similar letter in vertical direction does not present a
difference.
Texture analysis in the different arable sites and soil depth of the "La María"
farm 2018.
According to the percentages of sand, silt and clay presented in Table 5, the types
of texture that belong to the soils of the "La María" farm are highlighted. Eighty-
five percent of the sites evaluated in their surface layer belong to a loam texture.
The HA textures of the treatments have a 55% loam type and 40% correspond to
a clay loam texture. In the analysis of the texture in the HB, there is great
40
Luis Fernando Salazar Carranza
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Gregorio Humberto Vásconez Montúfar
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
11 (2) 2021
1390-8146
variability in the texture, with loam, clay loam, clayey loam, sandy clay loam
textures. The texture in HC is 70% clayey texture type.
GarciaandSchlatter(2012) in their work entitled "Characterization of soils along an
altitudinal gradient in Ecuador, in the "Quevedo" area, coincides with the research
with types of loam, clay loam and clayey loam soils, these results coincide because
it is an alluvial area. Table 5 shows the different textures and depths (cm) of the
superficial layer and horizons A, B and C.
Table 5. Texture type and depth (cm) of the different treatments of the soils of the
"La María" farm in the soil surface and its horizons.
Trea
t.
Cultivation
Texture
S
Texture
HA
Prof.
HA
(cm)
Texture
HB
Prof.
HB
(cm)
Textur
e
HC
Prof.
HC (cm)
1
Banana
Franca
Franco Arc.
Arc.
Arc.
Corn
Franca
Franca
Franca
Arc.
African
Palm
Franca
Franca
Franco Arc.
Franco
Arc.
Teak
Franco
Arc.
Are.
Franco Arc.
Arc.
Arc.
5
Quinoa
Franca
Franca
Franco Arc.
Arc.
Short Cycle
1
Franca
Franco Arc.
Franco Arc.
Arc.
Citrus
Franca
Franco Arc.
Arc.
45
Arc.
Banana 1
Franca
Arc.
Clayey
Arc.
Fruit trees
Franca
Franca
Franco Arc.
Sandy
Arc.
Soursop
Franca
Franco Arc.
Clayey
Arc.
Cocoa CCN-
51
Franca
Franco Arc.
Franco Arc.
Franco
Arc
National
Cocoa
Franca
Franca
Franca
Arc.
Banana 2
Franca
Franca
Franco Arc.
45
Franco
Arc.
Short cycle
2
Franca
Franca
Franca
Franco
Arc.
Brachiaria
Franca
Franca
Arc.
Arc.
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
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Trat: treatment; S: surface; HA: A horizon; HB: B horizon; HC: C horizon; Dep: depth; Arc:
clayey; Are: sandy.
Georeferenced map of the physical properties of Eutric Fluvisols soils for
agricultural use in the "La María" experimental farm in Mocache canton.
Figure 1 shows the georeferenced base map with the physical properties of the
soils of the experimental farm "La María" with the variables of bulk density (DA),
real density (DR), pore space (EP), aggregate size (TA), moisture content (CH),
texture and depth of the different horizons.
5. Conclusions
The soils of the "La María" farm had a bulk density of 1.18 g/cm3 and a true
density of 2.24 g/cm3, this being the average of the three horizons in the sites
evaluated. The percentage of pore space was 46%, reflecting an average moisture
content of 41%. According to the texture triangle, the soils of the "La María" farm
Savoy
Pasture
Clay
loam
Franca
Arc.
Arc.
Savoy
Pasture
Clay
loam
Franco Arc.
Arc.
Arc.
Savoy
Pasture
Franca
Franco Arc.
Franco Arc.
Franca
Savoy
Pasture
Franca
Franca
Franco Arc.
58
Arc.
Savoy
Pasture
Franca
Franca
Arc.
Arc.
42
Luis Fernando Salazar Carranza
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Gregorio Humberto Vásconez Montúfar
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
11 (2) 2021
1390-8146
had a loam textural class of 70% in the first 50 cm and a clay loam of 10% from 50
cm of the soil profile of the treatments.
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