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eISSN: 1390-8146
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Phosphorus availability and solar radiation
efficiency in carrot (Daucus carota L.)
cultivation in volcanic soils.
Disponibilidad de fósforo y eficiencia de la radiación solar en
el cultivo de zanahoria (Daucus carota L.) en suelos volcánicos
Submitted (01.04.2020) - Accepted (24.01.2021)
ABSTRACT
The adoption of more efficient management practices, such as
recognizing the adequate level of P availability (Olsen) in the soil, can
result in improved production efficiency in the carrot (Daucus carota L.)
cropping system. Complementarily, knowing the behavior of radiation
use efficiency (EUR) is relevant in the optimization of resources (P-
fertilizer and radiation), due to the continuous concern for
environmental impact and for the reduction of production costs. The
objective of this work was to evaluate the EUR performance of two
commercial carrot cultivars, across five levels of P-Olsen availability,
under field conditions (13, 16, 19, 24, 28 ppm). The experiment was
established at the Santa Rosa Experimental Station (39º47'S; 73º14'W),
belonging to the Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh) located in the city
of Valdivia in the Los Ríos Region, during the 2010-2011 growing season.
EUR (g DM MJ-1) was calculated using photosynthetically active radiation
(RIFA) and biomass (aerial and total). In this study, EUR of D. carota
cultivars was not influenced by soil P-Olsen availability (p>0.05), but
differences (p<0.01) were found in photosynthetically active radiation
intercepted (RIFA) and specific leaf area.
Keywords: photosynthesis, P-olsen, fertilization, vegetables, napiform
root.
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Master's Degree, Universidad Técnica Estatal
de Quevedo, Faculty of Livestock Sciences,
Quevedo, Ecuador. dvveliz@uteq.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2039-8741
Dante Eduardo Pinochet Tejos
Full Professor. Universidad Austral de Chile.
Valdivia, Chile. dpinoche@uach.cl
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6354-9258
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
Master's Degree, Universidad Técnica Estatal
de Quevedo, Faculty of Livestock Sciences,
Quevedo, Ecuador. cmestanza@uteq.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-170X
Jaime Fabian Vera Chang
Master's Degree, Universidad Técnica Estatal
de Quevedo, Faculty of Livestock Sciences,
Quevedo, Ecuador. jverac@uteq.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6127-2307
Santiago Cristóbal Vásquez Matute
Master's Degree, Universidad Nacional de
Loja, Loja, Ecuador,
santiago.vasquez@unl.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3713-020X
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
Graduated from the University of Cordoba-
(UCO), Cordoba, Spain,
john.pinargote2013@uteq.edu.ec.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8065-5124
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria
Investigación y Saberes
Vol. - 11 No. 2
May - August 2021
e-ISSN: 1390-8146
44-65
45
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11 (2) 2021
1390-8146
RESUMEN
La adopción de prácticas de manejo más eficientes, como reconocer el nivel adecuado de
disponibilidad de P (Olsen) en el suelo, puede resultar en una mejora de la eficiencia
productiva en el sistema de cultivo de zanahoria (Daucus carota L.).
Complementariamente, conocer el comportamiento de la eficiencia de uso de la
radiación (EUR) es relevante en la optimización de recursos (fertilizante-P y radiación),
por la continua preocupación por el impacto ambiental y por la reducción de los costos
de producción. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento de la EUR de
dos cultivares comerciales de zanahoria, a través de cinco niveles de disponibilidad de P-
Olsen, bajo condiciones de campo (13, 16, 19, 24 28 ppm). El experimento se estableció
en la Estación Experimental Santa Rosa (39º47´S; 73º14´O), perteneciente a la
Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh) localizada en la ciudad de Valdivia en la Región de
Los Ríos, en la temporada de crecimiento del 2010-2011. La EUR (g MS MJ-1) se calculó
mediante la radiación fotosintéticamente activa (RIFA) y la biomasa (aérea y total). En
este estudio, la EUR de los cultivares de D. carota no fue influenciada por la disponibilidad
de P-Olsen en el suelo (p>0,05), pero sí se encontraron diferencias (p<0,01) en la
radiación interceptada fotosintéticamente activa (RIFA) y en el área foliar específica.
Palabras clave: fotosíntesis, P-olsen, fertilización, hortalizas, raíz napiforme
1. Introduction
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is one of the main horticultural crops due to its high
content of carotenes (pro-vitamin A), carbohydrates and other nutrients. This
umbellifer has gained importance due to the growing preference of consuming
natural products, a situation that opens new perspectives and opportunities to
grow in surface with this crop, due to the tendencies towards a healthier life.
In Chile, the main regions that grow carrots, according to the National Institute of
Statistics (INE) (2007), are Valparaíso, Bío-Bío and Metropolitana, with a small
cultivated area (33 ha) in the region of Los Ríos (southern part of the country).
This is probably due to the scarcity of updated information on this crop, since this
area has favorable soil and climatic conditions, where root crops, bulbs and tubers
grow more efficiently. In Valdivia, D. carota is traditionally grown on a small scale,
with some research on this species carried out by Krarup et al. in 2000. Rosas
(2011), evaluated the performance of new cultivars of D. carota observing yields
of 43.3 t ha-1 in the Borec cultivar (Chantenay type) and 73.5 t ha-1 in the hybrid
Miraflores. These yields are higher than those reported in central Chile, where the
average yield is 35 t ha-1 (Giaconi and Escaff, 2001).
Crop productivity with adequate supplies of water and nutrients depends on the
capture of solar radiation. Therefore, having a precedent of Radiation Use
Efficiency (EUR) is important for the D. carota crop, since its response under any
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Dante Eduardo Pinochet Tejos
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
Jaime Fabian Vera Chang
Santiago Cristóbal Vásquez Matute
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
11 (2) 2021
1390-8146
source of variation in this crop has not been reported so far. EUR has an important
focus in the understanding of plant growth and is defined as the ability of crops
to intercept radiation and convert it into biomass (Monteith, 1977). In other
words, EUR is the interaction between photochemical-biochemical and assimilate
transport processes. Graphically, it is the slope between crop biomass produced
per unit of intercepted solar radiation (IR) or photosynthetically active
intercepted radiation (PAR) (Sinclair and Muchow, 1999).
The purpose of studying EUR in D. carota arises for multiple reasons, among them,
the special characteristics of the plant such as the foliar architecture and the
storage root as its organ of agronomic interest, the crop production objective
(carbohydrates); the napiform root architecture, of limited exploration and root
deepening; short absorption time, because the crop is harvested in vegetative
state (in fresh matter) and therefore it could be more sensitive to the varied
availability of P. Particularities, which make it a totally contrasting crop to the
traditional crops studied, under conditions of limited nutrient availability. In other
words, harvestable crops in the reproductive phase where grain is the objective.
Studies conducted in the area have evaluated purely agronomic characteristics.
This research seeks to complement them by understanding the physiological
processes involved in the plant growth of carrot, associated with the efficiency of
solar radiation use (EUR) through the different inputs of phosphorus (P-Olsen)
available in the soil, in a vegetable crop harvestable in vegetative stage in order
to analyze the possible restrictions in the capture of solar radiation in two cultivars
(Miraflores and Royal Chantenay).
2. Materials and Methods
The experiment under field conditions was established at the Santa Rosa
Experimental Station (39º47'S; 73º14'W), belonging to the Universidad Austral de
Chile (UACh) located in the city of Valdivia in the Los Ríos Region, during the 2010-
2011 growing season. The climate of the area is temperate-rainy with
Mediterranean influence, with an average annual rainfall of 2,500 mm that
fluctuates between 1,800 and 3,100 mm (Montaldo, 1983). The average annual
temperature is 12 °C, with January and July being the warmest and coldest
months, with maximum averages of 16.9 and minimum averages of 7.9 °C,
respectively (Estación Meteorológica UACh, 2006). Especially from August 1 to
March, precipitation averages 834 mm, with a RIFA of 9 MJ m-2 and a
temperature of 14 °C (Valle et al., 2009).
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The total area of the field trial was 168 m2 with an experimental area of 108 m2.
The plots were 4 m x 1.8 m, i.e., 7.2 m2 and the subplots were 3.6 m2. A split-plot
design was used. The soil used was a Duric Hapludand, Valdivia series, of flat
topography, with a depth greater than 2 m, with class II potential use capacity
(Chile, Centro de Información de Recursos Naturales, CIREN, 2003). It has usable
humidity of 20% volume base, bulk density of 0.7 g/cm3 and total porosity of 65%,
as described by Chile, Instituto Nacional de Investigación de Recursos Naturales
(IREN) and UACh (1978).
The planting material used for planting were seeds of the Royal Chantenay (RC)
variety, considered traditional in Chile, and the Miraflores F1 (M) hybrid from the
French company Clause, with the following physical characteristics: M of the
Kuroda type (annual), noted for its more intense root color than the traditional
ones, with a cylindrical-conical shape of 18 to 22 cm, diameter 4.5 to 5.5 cm, with
smooth skin and a very high level of soluble solids. The growing cycle is 100 to 130
days from planting to harvest depending on temperatures (Clause, 2010). RC of
Chantenay type, has high yields, conical-cylindrical root of 10 to 15 cm, thick, blunt
tip, reddish orange color on the outside and dark orange inside, thick epidermis,
smooth and with good quality. The crop cycle is variable according to climatic
parameters (Herrera and Moreno, 1995).
The phosphorus source used in the field trial was triple superphosphate (P2O5,
46%) broadcast before planting. The levels under study were considered from the
dose typically applied in traditional use (30 kg P ha-1). Measurements of available
P-Olsen in the soil were made 3 days after the application of the phosphorus
fertilizer. Table 1 shows the P levels used in the experiment.
Table 1. P levels used in the field experiment on Andisol soils.
P (kg ha-1)
P-Olsen (mg kg-1)1
Applied
Increment2
Base3
Available
0
0
12,99
12,99
2,50
12,99
15,49
6,25
12,99
19,24
135
11,25
12,99
24,24
15,00
12,99
27,99
1 It was determined according to the method of Olsen et al (1954).
2 Equivalence for the soil used in the tests.
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Dante Eduardo Pinochet Tejos
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
Jaime Fabian Vera Chang
Santiago Cristóbal Vásquez Matute
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
11 (2) 2021
1390-8146
3 Base soil value before P applications.
Mineral fertilizers N and K were applied to all treatments in both trials as follows:
In the field, 100 kg K ha-1 as muriate of potash (K2O, 60%) broadcast before
sowing and 150 kg N ha-1 as calcium ammonium nitrate (27% N, 6% Ca and 4%
Mg), partitioned at 40 kg ha-1 at sowing, 60 kg ha-1 at 46 days after sowing (dds)
at full root elongation and 50 kg ha-1 at 63 dds at the beginning of root
accumulation, incorporated in a continuous stream near the row.
For sowing in the field, the Planet Jr. (Model B73-09B, Cole, USA), calibrated at a
rate of 2.7 kg ha-1. The distance between rows was 30 cm, for subsequent
thinning at a distance between plants of 4 cm, in order to ensure a population of
approximately 96 pl m-2.
Weed control was manual and chemical (Linurex at a dose of 2.5 L ha-1).
Preventive applications of insecticides and fungicides were made according to
local practices. Irrigation was carried out according to atmospheric demand,
rainfall and crop demand in both growing conditions.
The decision to harvest under field conditions (1,156 degree cumulative days after
planting, GDAs, °Cd), was made according to the root shoulder diameter (2.5 cm)
required for the commercialization of D. carota in the area. Harvesting was also
done at this time, considering that periods greater than 1,450 °Cd could influence
the loss of root quality.
Sampling of plants in the field was carried out at 1,156 °Cd to record the basic
variables (yield, biomass and P absorbed) of the experiment. A 1 m2 was collected
to quantify the fresh yield and a line of 10 plants was collected to determine the
fresh and dry variables.
For the fresh growth parameters of the plants in the laboratory, plant height (from
stem to top of leaf, cm pl-1), root length (from stem to root tip, cm pl-1) and root
diameter (at the shoulder, cm pl-1) were measured with a foot meter. Fresh
matter (FM) was then separated by plant organs (leaf, petiole and root) to be
weighed with a precision analytical balance (Mettler Toledo, XP205DR,
Switzerland) and expressed in kg MF ha-1. The FA (cm2 pl-1) was measured with
a leaf area meter (LI 3100; LI-COR, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA), and the IAF and AFE
(cm2 g-1) were estimated without petiole.
Total carrot root yield was determined at 1,230 °Cd, harvesting that took place
within 1 m2 (kg MF m2) of each treatment, yield was expressed in t MF ha-1.
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To determine the biomass, each plant structure was cut for subsequent drying
until a constant weight was achieved and the dry matter (DM) was recorded,
separating between aerial, root and total biomass, in order to determine the
importance of each organ in the contribution to total DM during growth. Data
were expressed in kg DM ha-1.
The concentration of P in the tissues was recorded by calcination of the samples
that were previously ground, placing 2 g of DM of each plant organ in crucibles at
500 °C in a stove. Cooling the crucibles, the ash was boiled with 1 ml of distilled
water and 10 ml of 2 N hydrochloric acid on a hot plate at 100 °C for 5 min.
Subsequently, P contents were measured by the ammonium vanadomolybdate
method (Gericke and Kurmies, 1952), by colorimetry in a UV visible
spectrophotometer, previously calibrated with known concentrations, working
with a wavelength of 440 nm. Once the P concentration was quantified (in
percentage), P absorption (kg P absorbed ha-1) was determined through the
biomass produced in each plant organ of D. carota.
RI was measured at solar noon, twice a week, with a 1 m long linear sensor (LI-
1400, LI-COR Inc., Lincoln Nebraska, USA), two readings were taken above the
canopy (Rinc) in the north and south position of each block; and three readings
below the canopy (transmitted solar radiation, Rtra) in the center of the subplot,
and then RI (%), RIFA (MJ m-2) and EUR (g MJ-1) were estimated. RI was calculated
as the difference between Rinc minus Rtra divided by Rinc. Rinc was measured
every 15 min by the weather station, located approximately 50 m from the field
trial. The RIFA was established as 48% of the incident radiation (Rinc) of each day,
which was multiplied by the percentage of RI and added to the accumulated
photosynthetically active intercepted radiation (RIFAa) value of the previous day
to determine the RIFAa at the end of the crop cycle. Finally, the EUR of each
treatment was calculated as the slope of the linear regression of the accumulated
aerial and total biomass as a function of RIFAa.
Analysis of variance (ANDEVA) was performed on the response variables to
determine statistical differences between P levels, cultivars and factor
interactions. Specific significance was also determined through Tukey's test at 95%
probability, between P levels in each cultivar and experiment. The statistical
programs Statgraphics plus 5.1 and GraphPad Prism v.5.04 were used for these
analyses.
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Dante Eduardo Pinochet Tejos
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
Jaime Fabian Vera Chang
Santiago Cristóbal Vásquez Matute
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
11 (2) 2021
1390-8146
3. Results
Figure 1. Climatic conditions during the experimental season. A) Incident solar
radiation (Rinc); B) daily average temperature (maximum and minimum). C)
precipitation, recorded from 21-06-2010 to 29-04-2011.
During the growth cycle of D. carota under field conditions the average RIFA was
11 MJ m-2 and the temperature was 15 °C. Figure 2 shows the average weekly
RIFA and temperature recorded during crop development. The climatic data for
this research came from the weather station (Davis Instruments Vantage Pro Data
logger 65100, Ca, USA) installed in the experimental field.
Días después del 1 Agosto
RIFA (MJ m
-2
)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tmax
Tmi m
RIFA
Temperatura (°C)
Campo (2010-11)
S
E
FER
C
GDAs (°Cd)
0 120 550
1156
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Figur2. Weekly average of photosynthetically active intercepted radiation (PAR),
temperature (maximum and minimum) and thermal time of the stages with a base
temperature of 5 °C (S, sowing; E, emergence; ERF, end of root elongation; C,
harvest), during the growth cycle of D. carota under field conditions.
Influence of available P-Olsen on fresh yield, cumulative biomass and P uptake
in carrot.
The effect of P on the productivity of D. carota depended on the variations in the
levels of P-Olsen availability, which were produced by the applications of different
doses of P. The soils of the experiment responded positively and significantly (p<
0.01) in their P-Olsen levels to the increase in phosphorus fertility. The slope of
the increase in P-Olsen availability was b= 0.083. These values imply that it was
necessary to apply 12 kg P ha-1 to increase 1 mg P-Olsen kg-1 of soil (ppm P-
Olsen).
The analysis of the physiological model, which defines yield as the product of
biomass and harvest index (HI), showed variations with the availability of P-Olsen
in the soil. Fresh matter (FM) yield was affected (p< 0.01) by the level of P-Olsen
availability and cultivars presented significant differences (p< 0.01) in all plant
parts. The interaction between both factors also showed a significant effect (p<
0.05), especially in the root part (Table 2).
In the field, the hybrid M, at the lowest P level (13 ppm), achieved MF productions
of the aerial part, root and total plant of 27, 56 and 83 t MF ha-1 respectively,
while, at the highest P level (28 ppm) these values were increased to 50% in all
plant parts. The RC variety, under the same conditions generated 28, 51 and 80 t
MF ha-1, with an increase of 49, 34 and 39%, respectively.
Figure 3 shows the positive trend of cumulative MF yield with respect to the level
of P-Olsen availability, using a quadratic model (y=a+bx+cx2) in each structure.
The accumulation root fresh yield of D.carota showed a wide range of variation
depending on the cultivar, with 28 ppm, M achieved 85 t MF ha-1 and RC 68 t MF
ha-1 (Figure 4).
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Dante Eduardo Pinochet Tejos
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
Jaime Fabian Vera Chang
Santiago Cristóbal Vásquez Matute
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
11 (2) 2021
1390-8146
Table 2. Average fresh yield and biomass in D. carota cultivars, in Miraflores (M)
and Royal Chantenay (RC) plant structures, under different P-Olsen availabilities
in field conditions, harvested at 1156 °Cd.
Cv
P
Olse
n
Performance
Biomass
IC
(t MF ha-1)
(kg DM ha-1)
(%)
Aerial
Radical
Total
Air
Radical
Total
M
27,0
6
d
56,6
6
d
83,71
d
3.51
7
d
4.92
3
c
8.440
d
58,3
9
a
31,4
6
c
66,1
6
c
97,62
c
4.09
0
c
5.22
3
b
9.313
c
56,1
2
ab
34,3
4
b
c
72,0
4
b
106,38
b
4.46
4
b
c
5.42
4
b
9.888
c
54,8
6
b
37,2
1
b
85,6
3
a
122,84
a
4.83
7
b
6.15
1
a
10.98
8
b
55,9
9
b
28
40,6
8
a
85,2
4
a
125,91
a
5.28
8
a
6.35
9
a
11.64
8
a
54,5
9
b
RC
28,8
1
c
51,1
8
c
79,99
d
3.74
5
c
4.73
3
e
8.479
e
55,8
8
a
32,7
0
b
61,3
0
b
94,01
c
4.25
2
b
5.01
8
d
9.269
d
54,1
7
ab
35,9
5
b
62,7
5
b
98,71
b
4.67
4
b
5.23
6
c
9.910
c
52,8
7
bc
39,7
7
a
62,5
1
b
102,28
b
5.17
0
a
5.40
4
b
10.57
4
b
51,1
3
cd
28
43,0
1
a
68,5
4
a
111,55
a
5.59
1
a
5.67
5
a
11.26
6
a
50,3
8
d
P-Olsen
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
Cv
1
*
**
**
*
**
n.s.
**
53
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P-
OlsenxC
v
n.s.
**
**
n.s.
**
n.s.
n.s.
Total
Cv, cultivars; P-Olsen, Olsen phosphorus; P-Olsen x Cv, interaction; MF, fresh
matter and DM, dry matter.
The values under the P-Olsen levels of each test correspond to the degrees of
freedom of Andeva.
Data are average of three replicates, different letters between groups indicate
significant difference for P-Olsen levels, analyzed by Tukey's test at 95%
probability, for each plant structure, cultivar and growing conditions.
Significant probability level at 0.05
Significant Probability Level at 0.01
n.s. Level not significant
Figure 3. Relationship between fresh yield of different plant parts (aerial, root and
total plant) and the level of available P-Olsen in the soil, under field conditions, in
two cultivars of D. carota (Miraflores: M, black symbols; Royal Chantenay: RC,
white symbols).
Rendimiento (t MF ha
-1
)
5 10 15 20 25 30
0
20
40
60
80
100
Raíz
0
RC: y =18 ,9+3, 44x +( -0,0617 x
2
); R
2
=0,799; Sy .x =2,85
M : y =- 10 ,2+6, 54x +( - 0, 110 x
2
); R
2
=0,969; Sy .x =2,21
5 10 15 20 25 30
0
20
40
60
80
100
Aérea
0
Campo
RC: y =2,74x +( - 0,0437x
2
); R
2
=0,891; Sy .x=1,87
M : y =2 ,6 2x +( - 0, 042 5x
2
); R
2
=0,889; Sy .x=1,76
5 10 15 20 25 30
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Total
0
P-Olsen (mg P kg
-1
suelo)
RC: y =8, 10x +( -0,1 51x
2
); R
2
=0,882; Sy .x =3,91
M : y =8 ,12 x+( -0 ,12 8x
2
); R
2
=0,980; Sy .x =2,43
Rendimiento (t MF ha
-1
)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Raíz
0
RC: y =5,36x +( - 0,107x
2
); R
2
=0,765; Sy .x=2,96
M : y =5 ,5 0x +( - 0, 085 7x
2
); R
2
=0,966; Sy .x=2,22
20
40
60
80
100
0
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Dante Eduardo Pinochet Tejos
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
Jaime Fabian Vera Chang
Santiago Cristóbal Vásquez Matute
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
11 (2) 2021
1390-8146
Vertical bars correspond to the standard error.
The fresh root yield obtained through P-Olsen availability was represented in the
quadratic function fitted to zero (Figure 4). Through the derivation of the
equation, the optimum level of P-Olsen availability was estimated, where the
maximum root yield is achieved. In M (field) the optimum level was given at 32
ppm corresponding to 87.8 t MF ha-1; and in RC it is obtained at 25 ppm with 67.0
t MF ha-1. In summary, the optimum level of availability for the M hybrid is 32
ppm and the optimum range for the RC variety was between 25 and 32 ppm.
Figure 4. Effect of P-Olsen on maximum root accumulation yield in two cultivars
of D. carota (Miraflores, black symbols; Royal Chantenay, white symbols) under
field conditions2
Under deficiency conditions, crops respond to the supply of P in the soil,
particularly by an increased availability of this nutrient. The results of this research
show that the influence of available P-Olsen had a significant effect (p< 0.01) on
biomass, increasing dry matter (DM) according to the increase of P-Olsen
availability, in the plant parts of D. carota cultivars, in both growth conditions. In
addition, the cultivars and the interaction of the factors showed marked
differences (p< 0.01) in the root part, independent of development conditions
(Table 1).
In the field trial, the accumulated biomass of the aerial, root and total plant part
of hybrid M, at level 13 is 3,517, 4,923 and 8,440 kg DM ha-1 and with level 28
Rendimiento raíz (t MF ha
-1
)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
M
RC
0
0
67,0
87,8
Campo
120
P-Olsen (mg P kg
-1
suelo)
RC: y =5,36x +( - 0,107x
2
); R
2
=0,765; Sy.x=2,96
M : y =5, 50x +( - 0,0857x
2
); R
2
=0,966; Sy.x=2,22
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
M
RC
0
34,4
47,8
Invernadero
120
M : y =2, 95x +( - 0,0455x
2
); R
2
=0,927; Sy.x=3,76
RC: y =2,14x +( -0,0333x
2
); R
2
=0,870; Sy.x=4.05
55
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1390-8146
ppm it produced 5,591, 5,674 and 11,266 kg DM ha-1, obtaining an increase of 50,
29, 38% respectively. Under these same conditions the RC variety generated
3,745, 4,733 and 8,479 kg DM ha-1 at the lowest P level, while, at the highest level
it obtained 5,591, 5,674 and 11,266 kg DM ha-1, being the increase of 49, 20 and
33% respectively.
Figure 5 shows the increasing trend between biomass and available P-Olsen,
represented by a quadratic function fitted to zero, where the highest slopes of the
curve are observed in the root (M= 468 and RC= 472) with respect to the aerial
part (M= 341 and RC= 356), implying that there was a greater increase in root
biomass, depending on the availability of P-Olsen in the soil.
Figure 5. Relationship between the biomass of the different plant parts (aerial,
root and total plant) and the level of available P-Olsen in the soil, under field
conditions, in two cultivars of D. carota (Miraflores: M, black symbols; Royal
Chantenay: RC, white symbols). Vertical bars correspond to the standard error.
Through the derivation of a quadratic equation between root DM and P-Olsen
availability, the optimum ranges of P-Olsen were estimated, where the maximum
production of root biomass is achieved. The optimum level for the hybrid M is 27
ppm corresponding to 6,258 kg DM ha-1; and for the RC variety it is 24 ppm which
generates 5,644 kg DM ha-1. In summary, for maximum root biomass, the
optimum range of P-Olsen availability in the M hybrid is between 27 and 32 ppm
and for the RC variety it is 24 to 28 ppm.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Total
P-Olsen (mg P kg
-1
suelo)
RC: y =828x +( - 15 , 5x
2
); R
2
=0,873; Sy.x =384
M : y =8 08 x +( - 14 ,3x
2
); R
2
=0,902; Sy.x =398
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Raíz
RC: y =472x +( - 9, 8 5x
2
); R
2
=0,620; Sy.x =214
M : y =4 68 x +( - 8, 74x
2
); R
2
=0,823; Sy.x =254
Biomasa (kg MS ha
-1
)
10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Aérea
RC: y =356x +( - 5, 6 8x
2
); R
2
=0,891; Sy.x =243
M : y =3 41 x +( - 5, 53x
2
); R
2
=0,888; Sy.x =229
Campo
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Aérea
M: y =1 85 x +( - 2, 62x
2
); R
2
=0,866; Sy.x =299
RC: y =208x +( - 3, 8 3x
2
); R
2
=0,854; Sy.x =277
Invernadero
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Raíz
M : y =3 51 x +( - 5, 47x
2
); R
2
=0,916; Sy.x =481
RC: y =255x +( - 4, 5 4x
2
); R
2
=0,858; Sy.x =445
Biomasa (kg MS ha
-1
)
5 10 15 20 25 30
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Aérea
RC: y =356x +( - 5, 6 8x
2
); R
2
=0,891; Sy.x =243
M : y =3 41 x +( - 5, 53x
2
); R
2
=0,888; Sy.x =229
Campo
0
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Dante Eduardo Pinochet Tejos
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
Jaime Fabian Vera Chang
Santiago Cristóbal Vásquez Matute
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
11 (2) 2021
1390-8146
P concentration in the biomass of D. carota cultivars was dependent on P-Olsen
availability, showing significant differences (p < 0.01) for P-Olsen levels as well as
for cultivars (p < 0.05), in the aerial and root parts. The interaction of the factors
in general did not show differences in the plant parts of both experiments (Table
3). Root P concentrations were lower at the 13 ppm level in the hybrid M was
0.14% and for the RC variety 0.13% than those obtained with the 28 ppm level,
being M 0.24 and RC 0.22%, with an increase of 65 and 68%, respectively (Figure
6).
Figure 6. Relationship between P concentration in the different plant parts (aerial,
root and total plant) and the level of available P-Olsen in the soil, under field
conditions, in two cultivars of D. carota (Miraflores: M, black symbols; Royal
Chantenay: RC, white symbols). Vertical bars correspond to the standard error.
In general, the highest values of P absorbed were registered in the root part,
contrary to what was presented in the aerial part of the cultivars (Table 2). Since
the availability of P-Olsen has an effect on the P absorbed in the plant tissues of
the cultivars, an increasing trend was found, being described in a linear equation
(Figure 7).
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Aérea
RC: y =0, 00753x +( - 0,0 00119x
2
); R
2
=0,843; Sy .x =0,00661
M : y =0 ,00 866 x+( -0 ,00 015 9x
2
); R
2
=0,778; Sy .x =0,00619
Campo
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Total
P-Olsen (mg P kg
-1
suelo)
RC: y =0, 0107x +(-0,00016 7x
2
); R
2
=0,928; Sy .x =0,00642
M : y =0 ,01 19x +( - 0, 000 191 x
2
); R
2
=0,931; Sy .x =0,00654
P (%)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Raíz
RC: y =0, 013 0x +( -0,00018 8x
2
); R
2
=0,918; Sy .x =0,00970
M : y =0 ,01 42x +( - 0, 000 207 x
2
); R
2
=0,938; Sy .x =0,00895
57
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
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1390-8146
Figure 7. Relationship between P absorbed in the different plant parts (aerial,
root and total plant) and the level of available P-Olsen in the soil, under field
conditions, in two cultivars of D. carota (Miraflores: M, black symbols; Royal
Chantenay: RC, white symbols). Vertical bars correspond to the standard error.
Effect of P on EUR in carrot crop.
Since productivity with adequate water and nutritional status (with better EUP)
also depends on captured radiation, it is feasible to increase biomass by increasing
radiation use efficiency (EUR). It is, therefore, important to report the behavior of
the conversion of accumulated intercepted radiation into biomass production in
P absorbido (kg P ha
-1
)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Aérea
RC: y =- 0,146+0,245x ; R
2
=0,890; Sy.x=0,501
M : y =0,53 5+0, 02 10x ; R
2
=0,906; Sy.x=0,393
Campo
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Raíz
RC: y =1,62+0,392x ; R
2
=0,938; Sy.x=0,583
M : y =0 ,507 +0, 533x ; R
2
=0,946; Sy.x=0,741
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Total
P-Olsen (mg P kg
-1
suelo)
RC: y =- 1,47+0,637x ; R
2
=0,942; Sy.x=0,92
M : y =1 ,05+0, 742x ; R
2
=0,947; Sy.x=1,02
P absorbido (kg P ha
-1
)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Aérea
RC: y =- 0,146+0,245x ; R
2
=0,890; Sy.x=0,501
M : y =0,53 5+0, 02 10 x ; R
2
=0,906; Sy.x=0,393
Campo
0
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Dante Eduardo Pinochet Tejos
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
Jaime Fabian Vera Chang
Santiago Cristóbal Vásquez Matute
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
11 (2) 2021
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the D. carota crop, since so far the response of EUR through P availability in this
umbellifer was not known.
In this study, EUR was estimated through aerial biomass, but also through total
biomass, because in this crop the agronomic product is the root, different from
the analysis of grain crops, where it is estimated only through aerial biomass.
The EUR of D. carota cultivars was not influenced by the availability of P-Olsen in
the soil (p> 0.05), while, among cultivars there were significant differences (p<
0.01), at medium to high levels (13 to 28 ppm of P-Olsen), under field conditions.
The highest EUR estimated through aerial dry matter, was achieved at the
maximum level of P-Olsen availability, i.e., the 28 ppm level achieved 1.1 g DM
MJ-1 (based on RIFA) in M and 1.5 g DM MJ-1 in RC. In addition, this variable was
also estimated through total dry matter, reaching higher values (2.6 g DM MJ-1 in
M and in RC 3.1 g DM MJ-1) than through aerial biomass (Figure 8).
Interestingly in this study (Figure 12), a linear association was found between EUR
and aerial (M, R2= 0.85, p< 0.01; RC, R2= 0.43, p< 0.01) and total (M, R2= 0.30, p<
0.05; RC, R2= 0.57, p< 0.01) biomasses of D. carota cultivars. On the other hand,
the correlation between accumulated photosynthetically active intercepted
radiation (RIFAa) and biomass (aerial and total), showed a linear association
(adjusted to zero) with increasing trend, showing that dry matter is more
dependent on the radiation intercepted by the crop, than on the influence of P.
The availability of P-Olsen on RIFAa presented significant differences (p< 0.01),
described by a linear equation, in both cultivars, whose slopes were 54±5.3 (M)
and 46±3.3 (RC). Cultivar M accumulated RIFAa values that ranged from 328 MJ
m-2 at the 13 ppm level to 460 MJ m-2 at 28 ppm, while, RC registered lower
values with 261 and 364 MJ m-2 respectively (Figure 11).
In addition, a close relationship was found between RIFAa and IAF in M (R2= 0.89,
p< 0.01) and RC (R2= 0.94, p< 0.01) (Figure 13B). The relationship between RI as a
function of P levels and IAF were represented in quadratic equations. The effect
of P-Olsen availability in the soil generated an increase in RI (M, R2= 0.97; RC, R2=
0.37) (Figure 13C). Similarly, the increase of P-Olsen in the soil increased the IAF
in the plant improving the RI by the foliage (M, R2= 0.93; RC, R2= 0.53).
The effect generated with the increase of P-Olsen levels in the soil on the RI
produced a greater expansion of leaf area (LA), reflected in the leaf area index
(LAI) (Figure 12). The influence of P-Olsen availability produced a significant
increase (p< 0.01) in the LAI. Therefore, the greatest expansion occurred at the
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highest P-Olsen level, registering values of 5.8 m2 m-2 in M and 5.2 m2 m-2 for
RC with 28 ppm. On the contrary, the lowest level of P-Olsen 13 ppm only
generated 3.2 m2 m-2 for the hybrid M and in the RC variety it was 3 m2 m-2.
Specific leaf area (SLA) is the relationship between SLA as a function of leaf
biomass (leaf only, without petiole). The SLA was positively influenced by the
increase in P-Olsen, showing an acceptable linear relationship (M, R2= 0.37, p<
0.05; RC, R2= 0.44, p< 0.01), with a slope of the curve of 0.20 for M and 0.17 for
RC. The increase in AFE corresponded to 28% (M) and 17% (RC).
Research conducted by Hall et al. (1995); Sinclair and Muchow (1999); Muurinen
and Peltonen-Sainio (2006); Massignam et al. (2009); Lemaire and Gastal (2009),
report a negative response of EUR with N deficiency in different crops, but not in
the case of S deficiency (Salvagiotti and Miralles, 2008) or Al toxicity (Sierra et al.,
2003; Valle et al., 2009). Regarding P, the studies carried out are more scarce and
contrasting. Plénet et al., 2000b and Fletcher et al., 2008b, reported that EUR was
not affected by P deficiency in Zea mays. However, Rodríguez et al. (2000), found
that in Triticum aestivum it was reduced during the first 61 days after emergence
and Lázaro et al. (2010), found contradictory responses during the period of ear
growth under periods of P deficiency in the same species. On the other hand,
Sandaña and Pinochet (2011), in full cycle Triticum aestivum did not see EUR
affected by P deficiency. Recently, Sandaña et al. (2012), found similar response
in the same crop and in Pisum sativum, under deficient and adequate P
conditions.
Despite the stability of EUR, P-Olsen availabilities generated an increase in
photosynthetically active radiation interception and leaf area index, confirming
that crop growth is a function of leaf area development and incident radiation
(Sinclair, 1994).
On the other hand, the productivity to be achieved is determined by the genetic
potential that a crop can express depending on the agroecosystem in which it
develops, affected by its most relevant factors, among them: photosynthetically
active radiation and crop efficiency in the conversion of light energy to chemical
energy (Sinclair, 1994). At the same time, it is known that crops that grow under
optimal conditions (without water and nutrient limitations) basically depend on
radiation, since it is the driving force for crop growth. Despite this relevance of
EUR, the historical record of the study of EUR indicates that few studies have been
developed and that there is a wide variation in its response, even to the same
factor, depending on growth conditions, cultivars and stages of development
(Rodríguez et al., 2000; Lázaro et al., 2010; Arkebauer et al., 1994; Lecoeur and
Ney, 2003).
Diana Verónica Véliz Zamora
Dante Eduardo Pinochet Tejos
Camilo Alexander Mestanza Uquillas
Jaime Fabian Vera Chang
Santiago Cristóbal Vásquez Matute
John Jairo Pinargote Alava
Rev. Sci. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
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1390-8146
The results of this investigation showed that the availability of P-Olsen did not
generate a significant effect (p>0.05) on EUR. This confirms the conservative
nature of EUR (Gallagher and Biscoe, 1978; Sinclair, 1986), even in a harvestable
crop in vegetative stage. This is reinforced with other research, where similar EUR
stability responses were found, facing the same variability factor (P) or other soil
constraints (Valle et al., 2009, Salvagiotti and Miralles, 2008; Plénet et al., 2000b;
Fletcher et al., 2008b and Sandaña et al., 2012), although this work is the first
report of its constancy in Daucus carota. Because of this, comparisons were made
with other species where EUR has been studied. According to the results of this
work, D. carota presented a higher average EUR through aerial biomass (1.23 g
MJ-1 based on RIFA) compared to legumes such as Pisum sativum (1.13 g MJ-1)
and lower values than cereals such as in Triticum aestivum (1.63 g MJ-1) (Sandaña
et al., 2012). These differences could be attributed to differences in the energy
cost of biomass synthesis (Sinclair and Muchow, 1999).
On the other hand, given that the organ of agronomic interest of D. carota is the
root, it is important to report that the average EUR based on total biomass is 2.86
g MJ-1, being 1.3 times higher than the EUR of aerial biomass, probably due to a
larger destination size (root accumulation) of the assimilates.
Our biomass values had a better association with RIFAa than with EUR. These
results are similar to what was found in crops such as Triticum aestivum (Sandaña
and Pinochet, 2011; Rodríguez et al., 2000; Lázaro et al., 2009), Zea mays (Pellerin
et al., 2000; Colomb et al., 2000; Fletcher et al., 2008b) and Helianthus annuus
(Rodríguez et al., 1998a). Considering the linear associations shown between
RIFAa with the level of soil P availability reflect that the pattern described in other
species was maintained in both cultivars of D. carota.
Many crop models assume EUR as a constant (Sinclair, 1986), but other studies
reported that it varies widely depending on plant phenology (Garcia et al., 1988
and Arkebauer et al., 1994). In this regard, Lecoeur and Ney (2003) reported a
change in EUR during the development of the Pisum sativum crop, and in
particular a decrease was observed during the vegetative phase; and Werker and
Jaggard (1998) found that sugar beet had a decrease in EUR at the end of the crop
cycle, under rainfed conditions. EUR can also vary with crop species (Valle et al.,
2009), environmental conditions, management factors such as water supply,
disease and nutritional status (Monteith, 1994).
The variability of EUR also depends on the extent to which the canopy absorbs the
available radiation, i.e. the leaf area index (LAI), where characteristics such as leaf
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angle, canopy architecture (Russell et al., 1989; Guiducci et al., 1992),
photosynthetic rates, photorespiration and respiration, or a limitation of sink
demand, are of differential importance. Particularly, the species D. carota (C3),
presents a less efficient photosynthetic process compared to Brassica oleracea
var. capitata, Allium cepa and Beta vulgaris, due to the horizontal cover of the
leaves that intercepts high levels of radiation in the upper leaves, making the area
illuminated by the sun smaller compared to the total leaves (Jovanovic et al.,
1999).
Additionally, several pot experiments have shown that leaf photosynthetic rate
was negatively affected by P supply in Helianthus annuus (Plesnicar et al., 1994;
Rodriguez et al., 1998a), Triticum aestivum (Rodriguez et al., 1998b), Nicotiana
tabacum (Pieters et al., 2001) and other species, including C3 and C4 metabolism
(Halsted and Lynch, 1996). In Zea mays, under controlled conditions, EUR was
slightly affected by P deficiency (Mollier and Pellerin, 1999). Therefore, lower
photosynthetic efficiency of carrot and reduced photosynthetic rate with lower P
supplies could influence the decrease in EUR in this Umbelliferae.
4. Conclusions
Radiation use efficiency was not affected by the levels of P-Olsen used in this
study for both cultivars, although photosynthetically active radiation, leaf area
index and specific leaf area showed a positive effect of increased P-Olsen in D.
carota. The increased availability of P-Olsen in the soil had a positive effect on the
P content absorbed in plant tissues, fresh yield and biomass due to the higher
uptake of assimilates in D. carota.
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