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Noni (Morinda citrofolia L.) foliage as a phytobiotic
in broiler chicken feed.
Follaje de Noni (Morinda citrofolia L.) como fitobiótico en
la alimentación de pollos Broilers
Submitted (09.04.2020) - Accepted (11.01.2021)
ABSTRACT
Poultry farming is part of the productive chain of corn, soybeans
and balanced, which is one of the most important within the
Ecuadorian agricultural sector. Ecuadorian poultry farming has
increased its production in recent years, unlike other types of
meat production. The objective of the present investigation
was to determine the effect of the addition of noni (Morinda
citrofolia L.) foliage levels on the productive performance of
Broiler chickens. The work was carried out in the "Cañales"
Campus of the Mocache Canton, Los Ríos province. 160 Broiler
Cobb 500 chickens were used, distributed in a completely
randomized design with 4 treatments, 5 repetitions each, with
8 animals as the experimental unit. The evaluated treatments
are T1 (Control; Commercial Balanced); T2, T3 and T4 (0.5, 1 and
1.5% respectively of Noni foliage flour). No statistical
differences were found in relation to the productive
parameters between the means of Tukey treatments (P≤0.05),
however in the cost-benefit relation, 0.5% of Noni foliage
presented the best value ($ 1.27), which means that for every
dollar invested, a profit of 0.27 cents was obtained, with a
profitability of 27.49% and a mortality of 2.5%. While the
control treatment obtained a value of $ 1.12; a profitability of
11.71% and a mortality of 5%.
Keywords: Probiotic, mortality, profitability, productive
parameters, consumption.
Piedad Francisca Yépez Macias
Master's Degree, Universidad Técnica Estatal
de Quevedo, Ecuador, pyepez@uteq.edu.ec
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8391-9527
Nixon Ronaldo Herrera Gurumendi
Master's Degree, Universidad Técnica Estatal
de Quevedo, Ecuador,
nixon.herrera2014@uteq.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9896-2782
Ronny Javier Gaibor Carvajal
Master's Degree, Universidad Técnica Estatal
de Quevedo, Ecuador,
ronny.gaibor2014@uteq.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-0585
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria
Investigación y Saberes
Vol. - 11 No. 2
May - August 2021
e-ISSN: 1390-8146
66-77
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1390-8146
RESUMEN
La avicultura forma parte de la cadena productiva del maíz, soya y balanceado, que es
una de las de mayor importancia dentro del sector agropecuario ecuatoriano. La
avicultura ecuatoriana ha incrementado su producción en los últimos años a diferencia
de otros tipos de producciones de carne. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue
determinar el efecto de la adición de los niveles del follaje de noni (Morinda citrofolia L.),
en el comportamiento productivo de los pollos Broiler. El trabajo se llevó a cabo en el
Recinto “Cañales” del Cantón Mocache, provincia de Los Ríos. Se utilizaron 160 pollos
Broiler Cobb 500, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar con 4 tratamientos 5
repeticiones cada uno, con 8 animales como unidad experimental. Los tratamientos
evaluados son T1 (Testigo; Balanceado Comercial); T2, T3 y T4 (0.5; 1 y 1.5%
respectivamente de harina de follaje de Noni). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas
en relación a los parámetros productivos entre las medias de tratamientos Tukey
(P≤0,05), sin embargo en la relación beneficio costo el 0,5% de follaje de Noni presentó
el mejor valor ($1,27), lo que significa que por cada dólar invertido se obtuvo una
ganancia de 0,27 centavos., con una rentabilidad del 27,49% y una mortalidad del 2,5%.
Mientras que el tratamiento testigo obtuvo un valor de $1,12; una rentabilidad de 11.71%
y una mortalidad del 5%.
Palabras clave: Probiótico, mortalidad, rentabilidad, parámetros productivos, consumo
1. Introduction
Poultry farming is part of the corn, soybean and feed production chain, which is
one of the most important in the Ecuadorian agricultural sector. Ecuadorian
poultry farming has increased its production in recent years, in contrast to other
types of meat production. (Jarrín, 2015) .
Poultry farming represents one of the most important livestock activities due to
the great demand for products such as meat and eggs. This market has grown in
recent years, so this industry is looking for nutritional alternatives that make
production more efficient in the shortest time possible. (Herrera Mendoza, Use of
three levels of ginger (Zingiber officinalis) meal as a growth promoter in broiler
diets, 2016).
To achieve optimum productivity, the poultry needs many factors such as
obtaining adequate nutrients, high quality raw materials, specific diets for each
stage of life, diets according to the genetic line, climate, adequate biosecurity
program and trained labor. Poultry nutrition represents 70% to 80% of the total
production costs, however, for the diets to be processed correctly (digested and
absorbed) the intestinal mucosa must present adequate structural and morpho-
physiological characteristics. (Ronchi & Tepper, 2011).
Piedad Francisca Yépez Macias
Nixon Ronaldo Herrera Gurumendi
Ronny Javier Gaibor Carvajal
Rev. Cient. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes 11 (2) 2021
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Poultry farmers are interested in looking for new nutritional alternatives, so that
the production periods are carried out in less time and the product to be obtained
is of higher quality, in the alternatives of additives are the synthetic ones such as
vitamins, enzymes, probiotics, amino acids and APCs (Antibiotic Growth
Promoters), among others. These help to improve production rates, so the poultry
industry has generated different ways to innovate these synthetic additives
looking for natural alternatives that have been used empirically and without
scientific study of the properties they have trying to improve their production
costs. (Herrera Mendoza, Use of three levels of ginger (Zingiber officinalis) meal
as a growth promoter in broiler diets, 2016).
Using antibiotics as growth promoters (APCs) in therapeutic subdoses in feed
increases animal performance and productivity by controlling pathogenic
bacteria, inhibiting their growth or controlling them, keeping the animal's
digestive tract healthy and thus having a better utilization of the nutrients
contained in the feed. (Ranilla & Carro, 2002) .
The application of antimicrobials in animal nutrition (antibiotics and
chemotherapeutics) dates back 50 years. The first experiences (in chickens)
demonstrated their beneficial effects at the end of the 1940s, and in the 1960s
their commercial use was widely spread in Europe. (Cepero Briz, 2006) .
The trend towards natural products and the concern of some social sectors has
led to the reduction or prohibition of the use of APCs in the production of animal
protein for human consumption due to the possibility of the development of
microbial resistance. (Gonzáles, et al., 2013) . The use of antibiotics, although they
have played an important role in the safe production of meat, their use is being
limited due to the consequences they cause to the consumer, and trends have
been generated to look for alternatives to replace them. (Méndez, et al., 2015).
Additives have played an important role in the safe production of meat, but their
use is being limited due to the consequences they cause to the consumer, which
has generated a tendency to look for alternatives to replace them. (Méndez,
García, Santellano, Durán, & Silva, 2015).
The use of certain plants as alternative medicine long ago to improve health or
cure diseases in humans, there has been a growing interest in these medicinal
plants lately, which has led to a significant increase in scientific research has led
to the identification of the active components of phytobiotics and the
mechanisms of action of these in the animal organism. (Roofchaee, Irani,
Ebrahimzadeh, & Akbari, 2011).
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The present study allowed to evaluate the effect of the addition of Noni (Morinda
citrofolia L.) foliage, which will contribute to reduce feed costs, since this
represents the highest percentage in poultry production and to obtain safe
chicken meat.
2. Materials and Methods
Location and duration of the investigation.
The present investigation was carried out in the "Cañales" area, which is located
in the Mocache canton, province of Los Ríos; its geographical location is 01°
11'25.6" South latitude and 79° 30'49.9" West latitude, at an altitude of 73 meters
above sea level. The climatic conditions of the locality are: temperature 24.80 °C,
relative humidity 84 %, rainfall 343.70 and average evaporation of 65.50 mm, this
research had a duration of 42 days.
Experiment management.
The research carried out was of an exploratory, formative, documentary and field
type, which contributes to the line of research:
Productive behavior of broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 genetic line fed with Noni
foliage meal as phytobiotic. Exploratory type, the productive parameters and the
improvement of nutritional quality were measured. By means of the quantitative
method, the productive parameters of the variables under investigation were
evaluated; by the experimental method, the best feeding treatment was
determined with significance tests with Tukey at 5% probability. A completely
randomized design (CRD) was used with four treatments and five replications,
eight unsexed broilers per experimental unit. Tables 1 and 2 show the ADEVA and
the description of the research treatments. The statistical model under which the
response variables were analyzed is as follows:
Yij= u + Ti + Eij
Table 1. Analysis of variance (ADEVA).
Source of variation
Formula
Degrees of
freedom
Treatments
t – 1
Experimental error
t (r- 1)
Total
tr - 1
Prepared by: Authors.
Piedad Francisca Yépez Macias
Nixon Ronaldo Herrera Gurumendi
Ronny Javier Gaibor Carvajal
Rev. Cient. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes 11 (2) 2021
1390-8146
3. Results
Analysis of the data obtained from the production indexes
Table 3 shows the variables: feed intake (FC), weight gain (WG), feed conversion
ratio (FCR), carcass weight (CW) and carcass yield (CW) with their respective
results obtained in the research.
Food consumption
Total feed consumption was higher for T1 (4616.74 g), followed by T2 (4511.08 g),
T3 (4478.75 g) and T4 (4425.33 g), which is why this diet is the one with the lowest
consumption. Statistical differences were found between the means of the
treatments according to Tukey (P≤0.05), which means that the inclusion of noni
foliage meal as a phytobiotic in the diet produces an effect on feed consumption.
Results different from those reported by Morales and Murillo (2016), where they
observed that T1A (350 g of chili bell pepper meal/ton of feed with 8 chickens/m2)
presented higher feed intake with 4524.18 g (±514), to those of Herrera (2016),
where he found differences in feed intake when including 0.3% of ginger flour and
Siles (2017); in his study of the effect of Noni extract where T2 (3 cc/Lt) presented
higher feed consumption compared to T1 (Control), different cases since
throughout the development of this research the highest consumption was
recorded in the control treatment.
Weight Gain
Total weight gain was higher for T2 (2310.09 g), followed by T4 (2115.73 g), T3
(2083.97 g) and T1 (2051.79 g), so this diet presented lower weight, no statistical
differences were found between the means of the treatments according to Tukey
(P≤0.05), which means that the inclusion of noni foliage meal as a phytobiotic in
the diet does not produce an effect on weight gain.
Results different from those reported by Alarcón (2019), where he observed that
weight gain increased significantly in the treatment of the 0.2% proportion in the
combination of Molle: Rosemary (70:30). While Morales and Murillo (2016),
where they observed that T2B (500 g of chili bell pepper meal/ton of feed with 10
chicken/m2) presented higher weight with 2411.67 g (±148.99), as well as Siles
(2017), where he observed higher weight gain in treatments T2 (3 cc/Lt) and T3 (6
cc/Lt) in his research on the effect of Noni extract, a similar case to this research
since the highest weight gain presented T2 with inclusion of noni foliage meal
compared to the control and to Montoya (2016), where he found higher weight
gain with T1 (Butanoic acid) with 3037.77 g.
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Food Conversion
The total feed conversion index there is a numerical difference, T2 (1.96) the one
with the lowest index, followed by T4 (2.10), T3 (2.16) and with T1 (2.29) being
this diet the one with the highest conversion index, no statistical differences were
found between the means of the treatments according to Tukey (P≤0.05), which
means that the inclusion of noni foliage meal as phytobiotic in the feed does not
produce an effect on the feed conversion index.
These results are similar to those reported by Herrera (2016), who found
differences in the feed conversion ratio when including 0.3% ginger flour. Like
Montoya (2016), who found statistical differences in this parameter in the T1
treatment (Butanoic acid) with 1.78. While Siles (2017), where he found no
differences in his investigation of the effect of Noni extract in his treatments T1
(Control), T2, T3 and T4 (3, 6 and 9 cc/Lt respectively). When working with noni
foliage, the individual behavior and the effect it had on feed conversion in the
broiler diet was observed (see Table 3), in comparison to what Alarcón (2019)
reports, who with the combination of Molle and Rosemary in a ratio of 70:30
obtained good results with the ratio of 0.2% compared to the control.
Carcass yield
In carcass yield there is no statistical difference but numerically it is observed that
T1 (69.580%) has the highest yield, followed by T2 (68.35%), T4 (67.67%) and T3
(65.59%), with T2 having the highest live weight and carcass weight, so its yield is
the best among the means of the treatments according to Tukey (P≤0.05), which
means that the inclusion of noni foliage meal as a phytobiotic in the feed does not
produce an effect on the feed conversion rate (see Table 3).
Results similar to those reported by Alarcón (2019), where he found differences
in carcass yield in the combination of Molle and Rosemary in a ratio of 70:30
obtained good results with the ratio of 0.2% compared to the control. Like
Montoya (2016), where the best carcass yield was obtained with T1 (Butanoic
acid) with 67.93 %. While Ordoñez et al (2018), when using oregano and an
enzyme complex in broiler diets obtained higher carcass weight in the control
groups. Roldan (2010), reported in his research where he used plants such as
rosemary and basil values of 65.3% and 63.5% respectively, compared to the
control treatments.
Profitability of Treatments.
Table 4 shows the economic analysis where T2 obtained the highest profit/cost
($1.27), which means that for each dollar invested, a profit of 0.27 cents is
Piedad Francisca Yépez Macias
Nixon Ronaldo Herrera Gurumendi
Ronny Javier Gaibor Carvajal
Rev. Cient. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes 11 (2) 2021
1390-8146
obtained. USD; followed by T1 ($1.12), while T3 ($1.11) and T4 ($1.11) obtained
the lowest profit, values that are acceptable within poultry production.
Results that are similar to those reported by Lozada (2014), where he obtained a
benefit of 0.28 ctvs. USD per dollar invested in the treatment that incorporated
0.3% chili bell pepper flour, while in the control treatment he obtained a profit of
0.08 ctvs. USD. While Iza and Quispe (2011), determined that the highest
profitability was achieved when they used feed with the incorporation of 2% PV
of chili/poultry (T2), with a profit of $ 1.59 per bird, 1% PV of chili/poultry (T1)
with a profit of 1.40 per bird. And to Siles (2017), where he observed the best
economic result with treatment T3 (6 cc/Lt), followed by T1 (Control) and finally
treatments T2 and T4 (3 and 9 cc/Lt respectively) in his investigation of the effect
of Noni extract.
Table 2. Economic analysis on the effect of "Noni (Morinda citrofolia L.) Foliage as
a Phytobiotic in Broiler Chicken Feed", 2020.
ITEMS
0% NONI
FLOUR
0.5% NONI
FLOUR
1.0% NONI
FLOUR
1.5% NONI
FLOUR
INCOME
T1
T2
T3
T4
Total pounds
(lb)
162,47
197,08
172,21
171,36
Price per lb,
USD
1,75
1,75
1,75
1,75
Total
Revenues,
USD
284,32
344,89
301,36
299,88
COSTS
Chicken bb
(40 birds)
27,20
27,20
27,20
27,20
Labor
2,50
2,50
2,50
2,50
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Prepared by: Authors.
Mortality
In mortality, the treatments with the highest mortality rate were T1 and T4 (5%)
for both and those with the lowest mortality rate were T2 and T3 (2.5%) for both
as shown in Table 5, while the average mortality rate for the entire study was
3.75% and for the treatments that received noni leaf meal was 3%.
Results similar to those reported by Iza and Quispe (2011), where they obtained
a mortality of 2% when using chili bell pepper meal in broiler chicken feed. While
Ordoñez et al (2018), found no differences in this parameter when using oregano
and an enzyme complex in broiler diets.
4. Conclusions
No effect of noni (Morinda citrofolia L.) foliage meal as a phytobiotic in the
feeding of broiler chickens was found, since there were no significant differences
between the groups with the inclusion of the foliage meal and the control group,
indicating that the way in which the phytobiotic was included and at the
Depreciation
of
Warehouse
0,026
0,026
0,026
0,026
Vaccines
0,80
0,80
0,80
0,80
Feeding
224,00
240,00
240,00
240,00
Total Costs,
USD
254,53
270,53
270,53
270,53
Net Profit
29,80
74,37
30,84
29,25
Benefit /
Cost
1,12
1,27
1,11
1,11
Yield, %, %,
%, %, %, %,
%, %, %, %,
%, %.
11,71
27,49
11,40
10,85
Piedad Francisca Yépez Macias
Nixon Ronaldo Herrera Gurumendi
Ronny Javier Gaibor Carvajal
Rev. Cient. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes 11 (2) 2021
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proposed doses have no improving effect on the zootechnical performance. In
the economic analysis, the highest benefit/cost was that of 0.5% noni (Morinda
citrofolia L.) foliage meal with $1.27 and a profitability of 27.49 %. The lowest
mortality rate was presented in the treatments 0.5% and 1.0% of Noni (Morinda
citrofolia L.) foliage meal in the feed with 2.5% for both.
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