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eISSN: 1390-8146

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Socio-environmental conflict management as a starting

point for economic development

La gestión de los conflictos socio ambientales como punto de

partida del desarrollo económico

Submitted (14.09.2020) Accepted (12.05.2021)

ABSTRACT

The objective of this literature review article is to carry out an

analytical observation and determination of fundamental

aspects in the field of socio-environmental conflict management

and its interaction with the economic development of the

people involved, be they communities and/or regions. A detailed

review of articles found in different bibliographic registries such

as Dialnet, SciELO, Latindex and others has been carried out. We

were able to identify 22 articles with topics related to the

management of socio-environmental conflicts and their impact

on the economic development of the communities involved,

which allowed us to analyze relevant information for the

development of the article. Upon finding a diversity of literature

by authors on the subject, it became evident that an efficient

management of socio-environmental conflicts has an impact on

the development of the people, which is reflected in a culture of

peace. In this line, it was concluded that an efficient interaction

of the institutions involved, whether public or private, in the

framework of the prevention of socio-environmental conflicts,

will bring about sustainable development for the State and its

populations.

Keywords: socio-environmental conflict management, economic

development, institutions

Moises Vidal Salinas

Master in Public Management, Universidad

Cesar Vallejo, Lima, Peru

movidalsa@gmail.com,Orcid:

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4954-1433

Juan Angel, Diaz Tena

Master's Degree in Health Services

Management, Universidad Cesar Vallejo,

Lima, Peru

Jadiazt92@gmail.com,Orcid:

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3855-2922

Sandra Karina, Masias Ponce

Master in Measurement and Evaluation of

Educational Quality, Universidad Nacional de

Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Lima,

Perú smasias1@gmail.com,

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7756-9754

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria

Investigación y Saberes

Vol. – 11 No. 3

Septiembre - Diciembre 2021

e-ISSN: 1390-8146

52-65

Rev. Cient. Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes 11 (3) 2021

1390-8146

RESUMEN

Este artículo de revisión de literatura tiene como objetivo efectuar observación

analítica y determinación de aspectos fundamentales en el ámbito de la gestión

de los conflictos socio ambientales y de su interacción con desarrollo económico

de los pueblos comprometidos, llámense comunidades y/o regiones. Se ha

realizado una revisión en detalle de artículos encontrados en distintos registros

bibliográficos como Dialnet, SciELO, Latindex y otros. Se logró identificar 22

artículos con temas relacionados a la gestión de conflictos socio ambientales y su

incidencia en el desarrollo económico de las comunidades comprometidas, que

permitieron analizar información relevante para el desarrollo del artículo. Al

encontrarse con una diversidad de literatura de autores en la materia, se

evidenció que una eficiente gestión de conflictos socio ambientales, repercuten

en el desarrollo de los pueblos, la misma que se ve reflejada en una cultura de

paz. En esta línea, se concluyó que una eficiente interacción de las instituciones

comprometidas, sean públicas o privadas en el marco de la prevención de los

conflictos socio ambientales, traerá consigo un desarrollo sostenible para el

Estado y sus poblaciones.

Palabras clave: gestión de conflictos socio ambientales, desarrollo económico,

instituciones

1. Introduction

When analyzing the problem of the management of socio-environmental

conflicts, the way they are dealt with by the State and its institutions, due to

different escalations related to various mining projects, give rise to a feeling that

one cannot avoid finding oneself in the midst of a context that cannot be managed

and that there is no apparent sign of a solution. As a complement and within the

global approach, the World Bank, by granting financing to the governments of the

region so that they can invest in various projects, such as the construction of roads

or wastewater treatment, seeks to ensure that the populations and the

environment are not affected by the mining projects, and that they are not

affected by the mining projects, seeks to ensure that the populations and the

environment are overprotected against risks of probable adverse impacts and in

this sense, based on the principle of investment with socio-environmental

responsibility, it is improving and optimizing the different mechanisms for

managing socio-environmental conflicts, based on granting viability not only in

the economic but also in the social and environmental aspects. On the other hand,

Moises Vidal Salinas

Juan Angel, Diaz Tena

Sandra Karina, Masias Ponce

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Perez (2019) in his article, suggested that, when studies linked to environmental

policies are carried out, they have not been recurrently considering the analysis

of socio-environmental conflicts. In this line, although it is correct that states

strengthen the normative part and the processes of solving socio-environmental

problems, it is not responsible to neglect the escalation of social conflicts, which

in the long run will bring problems to the State itself. Also, Arizaca (2017),

indicated in his article that, in order to strengthen the sustainability of natural

resource exploitation activities, they depend on the efficiency of their institutional

units that cover the relationship between mining, land, water and population.

Maillet & Albalá (2018), in their article, raised a substantiated question, related to

the consequences of conflicts and factors related to socio-environmental conflicts

in electricity projects in Chile. Medrano et al. (2019) in their article about

corporate social responsibility in the relationship between peasant communities

and mining companies, recommended engaging mining companies and the

community in strategic alliances with a projection of sustained development,

where the protagonists obtain benefits, i.e., this link should generate value

beyond the life of the extractive operation itself. Likewise, Alvarado (2017) in

their article, concluded that the historical analysis of the results of policies seeking

an economy independent of its natural resources should serve to maintain the

need for political changes in favor of a new type of governance between the

governmental and the local. Toledo (2019) in his journal article related to the

shared responsibility between government, mining conglomerates and

communities, implies that the idea of an efficient functioning of state entities also

gives access to governance in the country. Likewise, Massa-Sánchez et al. (2018),

in their article related to the large mining sector and social conflicts, in Ecuador,

analyzed the degree of relationship between the mining legal part with

megaprojects, taking as a type case the Mirador project. Pinto & Luyo (2018), in

their article in which they focused their analysis of what happened in the context

of the Las Bambas mining megaproject and which escalated into a social conflict

with serious repercussions in 2015. The article tried to show that the petitions of

the population were supported by objective motivations because the inconsistent

changes made in the environmental impact studies that were executed by the

Chinese corporation (MMG), were fundamental, since they will harm related

areas both directly and indirectly. Also, Aparicio (2017), who had as an objective

in his doctoral thesis "to determine the influence of corporate social responsibility

in the prevention of mining social conflict case Las Bambas 2014".

In this sense, by having an efficient management of socio-environmental conflicts,

which determines a starting point to achieve economic development in the

communities or populations involved, it is necessary to carry out an analytical

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study of the literature, which strengthens a body of documentation that allows us

to know the origin of the conflicts, their optimal management and how to avoid

their escalation to the detriment of disturbing social peace, which would have dire

economic consequences for the State. In this line, the study and review of the

approaches elaborated by various authors, the same ones mentioned in this

article, in the framework of the management of socio-environmental conflicts,

allows us to rethink the importance of providing feedback on the suitable

procedures that efficiently bring the control of such conflicts closer, which would

represent satisfying the needs, especially of the communities involved.

The objective of this article consists of a structured review and analysis of the

literature on the management of socio-environmental conflicts and their impact

on economic development. Thus, Rojas et al. (2019), in their article on research

trends in socio-environmental conflict due to oil exploitation, conclude that the

study of socio-environmental conflicts has been increasing in Latin America and,

with it, the expansion of the realities studied from various perspectives. In this

sense, they suggested that socio-environmental conflict is little addressed from

the perspective of the thinking of social groups, such as those related to values,

information and knowledge of the communities, which are not widely developed

in research.

Socio-environmental conflict management

It is necessary to focus the definition to the social conflict as such and it is precisely

that, taking what is mentioned in Fairchild's sociology dictionary in which he

grants a definition to the social conflict as a social opposition in which the

consequent purpose consists in the evil that can originate to one or more persons

or opposite sets in their capture or in the damages that they manage to produce

to their property or that in which the occupations of an individual or a set of

persons, in an unintentional way, impede the performance or damage the

composition of the other person. (Fairchild, 1974, p. 92). Likewise, Paredes (2019)

in his article entitled "Mining conflicts in Peru: between protest and negotiation",

in which he conducted an extensive analytical review of the literature on

negotiation processes arising from social conflicts linked to the mining sector,

suggests that socio-environmental conflicts fundamentally express the

emergence of new actors and disputes over the management of increasingly

scarce resources.

Likewise, La Rosa & Rivas (2018), when carrying out a detailed analysis on conflict

theory, conceptualize social conflict as a claim in which social protagonists have

Moises Vidal Salinas

Juan Angel, Diaz Tena

Sandra Karina, Masias Ponce

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different interests, externalizing their respective ideals or interpretations in which

they project to obtain the maximum benefit, according to their priorities or needs.

Also, Calderón (2012), points out that social conflicts are closely linked to the

management of institutions and social demands, ergo, the more social gaps and

lower levels of performance of public entities, then there will be an increase in

the number of social conflicts and also assumes that natural resource exploitation

projects, whether medium or large scale, have an endemic relationship with the

generation of such social conflicts. In this sense, Romero et al. (2020) indicated

that community mediation qualifies as a way of solving or managing social

conflicts that develop in certain social groups, in which negotiation and openness

to dialogue are encouraged, generating conciliation of the problems that affect a

community. Along the same lines, Ccama et al. (2019) in their article related to

social conflicts in Peruvian mining, conclude that there are several elements

(ownership of the subsoil, poor distribution of income from mining, persistent

relative poverty in the area of exploitation, land affectation, among others) that

cause rural communities to perceive that this exploitation of resources, instead of

benefiting them, limits their chances of escaping extreme poverty.

Likewise, considering a more institutionalized appreciation we have the

Ombudsman's Office (2015) that indicates as elements or dimensions of social

conflict management, we have as such the actors, the problems and the process.

It is precisely that Poma & Gravante (2018) in their article aimed to analyze the

role of emotions in socio-environmental conflicts in which they interviewed self-

managed protagonists who defended their territory and conclude that sharing

moral emotions can influence the collective identity and strategic decisions that

in the long run can mean a positive or negative complement in the managements

of such socio-environmental conflicts. Also, Cuadrado (2017) in his article explores

the challenges of governance and how these tend to cause socio-environmental

conflicts and analyzes the main demands of the communities and of the responses

of the managements of certain committed public institutions and in such sense

finds as important factors that favorably influence the management of such

conflicts the crisis, communal leadership, small-scale and homogeneous

communities, as well as legal demands. This allows us to rethink that, to the

extent that these factors are assertively compacted, not only will the demands be

met for the benefit of the communities, but a climate of social peace and thus

shared economic development will be obtained. Along the same line, we have

Canaza (2018) in which, in his study, he stops his analysis in the various socio-

environmental claims expanded in the Peruvian territorial scope having on the

other shore globalized capitalism. He foresees this situation as mining

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conglomerates and the socio-environmental consequences originating in Peru

increase, those affected start claims in search of the longed-for environmental

justice and in which they consider their rights to climate justice have been

violated. Within the framework of the Peruvian State, it is important that

governmental efforts are made to give due attention to socio-environmental

conflicts and in this line there is R.M. No. 067-2021-MINAM, in which the

guidelines or directives for the management of socio-environmental conflicts

were approved.

Economic development

At present, it is an undeniable reality that the relationship between natural

resource exploitation projects and socio-environmental conflicts has been

somehow very close, in the sense that, although it is true that in recent years Peru

and much of Latin America have been favored with an increase of important

mega-projects, which have been contributing significantly to the economic

development of the countries, it is also true that when this growth of investments,

especially in the mining sector, has materialized, socio-environmental conflicts

have also been increasing. This means that there is a large sector of the population

in the various areas of influence or regions where natural resources are exploited,

which has been perceiving that, despite the large investments made by the State

and large companies, the population has not overcome its condition of extreme

poverty and has not been able to efficiently meet its basic needs. On the other

hand, the mining sector continues to account for the majority of socio-

environmental conflicts in Peru.

In this line, the Ministry of Energy and Mines, in its 2019 Mining Yearbook

magazine, stated that metallic mining represented 9.1% of the total national GDP

in 2019. It also highlights that copper production contributed 56% of the total

mining GDP, while gold and zinc 12% each.

From this perspective of the economic benefit that large investments in the

mining sector bring to the national economy, the best scenario would be that the

State should be concerned that this mining boom is reflected in the hardest hit

sectors and those living in extreme poverty. Likewise, the rural communities in

the areas of influence will not be able to adequately exploit the resources until

they feel their own development. Therefore, in order for the population to feel

that there is a favorable synergy for their development, both the State and the

mining projects must modify their terms and must make the communities

involved a protagonist and real participant. In this line, León (2019) in his

interesting article related to the economic determinants of socio-environmental

Moises Vidal Salinas

Juan Angel, Diaz Tena

Sandra Karina, Masias Ponce

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conflicts in Peru, specified in relation to the social factor, that the lack of equity in

the distribution of profits is an element that contributes to the generation of

conflicts, i.e., socio-environmental conflicts are projected to grow while a

population or region has a higher rate of inequality in income distribution.

Céspedes et al. (2020), interpreted in their article that there is a close relationship

between economic development and social conflicts in the Huánuco Region and

that these events have a direct consequence on its economic development, linked

to the growth of the mining canon.

2. Materials and Methods

The analysis-synthesis, holistic-dialectic and deductive methods were used,

complemented by a rigorous documentary review, which allowed us to make an

analysis of the scientific support found. Precisely from them, the most relevant

information is summarized. The knowledge base on the management of socio-

environmental conflicts was based on a summary-synthesis of a diversity of

articles found, highlighting references in the Dialnet, SciELO and Latindex

platforms with the search term "development of critical thinking" "only in the title

of the article". A search was also carried out in various sources as a complement

to the analysis of the proposed topic in the framework of socio-environmental

conflict management.

We have managed to find a large amount of literary material with a range of

analysis period of the last 5 years, i.e. 99% of the information collected

corresponds to periods 2017-2021 and 1% corresponds to information from the

years 2012 and 1974 which have been considered for the relevance of its content,

the same that are closely linked to the management of socio-environmental

conflicts.

In this line of ideas and statements, based on the literature reviewed and

analyzed, it becomes necessary to ask ourselves the question about the different

mechanisms of socio-environmental conflict management, in which it is based on

the procedures in which the institutions of the Peruvian State are prioritizing their

actions in order to minimize the escalation of these events. Then we ask

ourselves: How do the institutions intervene in the framework of socio-

environmental conflict prevention and to what extent does their efficiency favor

economic development?

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3. Results

In this review article it is relevant to indicate that, from the results of the

information obtained, 1 corresponds to a doctoral thesis, 22 correspond to

systematic information articles, of which 2 articles correspond to publications in

indexed journals. Likewise, relevant information has been obtained from journals

of institutional organizations, 2 national and 1 international, as well as

information from 2 books: 1 national, 1 international and 1 legal standard. In this

sense, a flow chart is detailed in Figure 3 with the summary of the literature

review carried out.

Once the review of the articles was completed, topics related to the management

of socio-environmental conflicts were identified. These allowed obtaining an

important framework of information for the development of this article and

within the idea of a research project related to socio-environmental conflicts.

Based on the information obtained from diverse literature, the question is posed:

How do institutions intervene in the framework of socio-environmental conflict

prevention and to what extent does their efficiency favor economic

development?

It is necessary to have an approach to the degree of participation and generation

in the economic development of the States in the framework of socio-

environmental projects and in this sense we have, Ríos (2018) who presented us

in his review article related to Mining in Latin America and The Caribbean, a Socio-

environmental Approach, interesting indicators in relation to the participation of

mining in the GDP in Latin America and the Caribbean.

The article also summarizes the importance of the mining industry for the growth

of the people and how it influences the economies of Latin American and

Caribbean countries.

There is no doubt, then, that one of the emblematic institutions of Peruvian

society, in which the greatest responsibility and protagonism in the management

of socio-environmental conflicts lies, is the Ombudsman's Office. In this line, this

institutional body expands its attributions to defend and supervise, as well as to

prevent and mediate with the purpose of counteracting situations that threaten

or violate fundamental rights and to open dialogue processes to help solve a given

social conflict. It is important to point out that this governmental institution is not

the one that resolves a social conflict, but collaborates, participates, defends and

influences the reestablishment of dialogue in order to avoid the escalation of such

social conflicts. In this sense, social actors must perceive that such conflicts must

be managed as a complex process with the sole purpose of meeting their

Moises Vidal Salinas

Juan Angel, Diaz Tena

Sandra Karina, Masias Ponce

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respective needs. In this line of ideas, this institution, as representative of the

State, carries out its intervention.

They highlight their importance in addressing each element within the framework

of public order (social peace) and propose the degree of dynamism between the

institutions and the parties involved in the management of socio-environmental

conflicts, in which solutions are proposed and from these solutions an important

feedback is generated for future escalation of social conflicts. In this order of

ideas, when this proposal is taken into account, there is a leading and important

incidence of the components of socio-environmental conflict management in the

search for maintaining public order and the generation of economic development

both in the State and in the communities involved. By way of illustration, the

following table Figure 6 summarizes the socio-environmental conflicts registered

in the period August 2019-August 2020:

Returning to the statement of revealing the importance of the different

approaches in the literature review of the various authors in the field of socio-

environmental conflicts, it is clear that these represent sources of feedback for

optimization and dynamic strengthening of the management of these socio-

environmental conflicts as a way of managing them in order to maintain and

improve social peace with the purpose of generating the desired economic

development for the States and their communities.

On the documentation determined and analyzed, very important information has

been obtained from each of the referenced publications and the knowledge

acquired has managed to address critical situations for the development of how

to articulate for the development of socio-environmental conflict management in

order to achieve economic development.

A situation reiterated in the literature of various authors, in relation to the

management of socio-environmental conflicts, is that they have a major point of

origin in the existing differences between the communities or peasant societies

and the corporations dedicated to the exploitation of natural resources.

Rivas (2018), defines social conflict as that manifestation in which social actors

have different interests and this position is included in the analyzed literature, in

such a way that Harahap et al. (2018), Truntsevsky et al. (2018), and also, Dordevic

et al. (2017), manifested an analogous conceptualization, but the resolution of

this is from a different optics each one.

Also, there is diversity in the literature addressed by various authors consulted

regarding the importance of the elements of social conflict management. That is

to say, not many authors have been evidenced that perform this type of

breakdown, considering how relevant it can mean to make an analysis in an

atomized form of social conflict. It should be noted that Cárdenas (2017) proposed

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in his article that institutional legacies and a dynamic participation of civil society

are key elements to understand the process in the management of social conflict

and that these elements will help to understand the challenges of the State for

the management of conflicts in various regions or areas of influence.

A diversity of literature related to the management of socio-environmental

conflicts and their impact on economic development has been found, however,

there are epistemological gaps noted in this article. In this sense, it has not been

noted an important emphasis in the literature of the authors that, a way to avoid

the escalation of social conflicts in general and their escalation to the detriment

of the development of the States is to suggest or propose a real and effective

training to the actors that are part of a social conflict, proposing gestures of trust

and strengthening of dialogue.

5. Conclusions

There is a diversity of literature by authors on the management of socio-

environmental conflicts, however, the States have not been able to contain the

increase or escalation of such conflicts and are not considering a more direct

participation of the increasingly impoverished communities. This means that less

developed States, such as Peru and most Latin American countries, do not take

history into account and consequently there is no adequate feedback, which

means continuing to make the wrong political, social, cultural and economic

decisions, to the detriment of economic development and an increase in socio-

environmental conflicts. In this sense, an efficient interaction between public and

private institutions involved in the prevention of socio-environmental conflicts will

represent an ideal starting point for sustainable development for the State and its

people.

In this sense, it follows that:

The intervention of government institutions in the framework of socio-

environmental conflict management has not been able to reduce the social gap

with the communities that have a direct influence on the exploitation of natural

resources. The lack of integration of actions among governmental institutions as a

strategy for a common solution in the area of socio-environmental conflict

management has led to the escalation of social conflicts to the detriment of

economic development. The issue of conflict prevention is often raised, however,

there is no suggestion of optimal training of the actors involved in a socio-

environmental conflict.

Moises Vidal Salinas

Juan Angel, Diaz Tena

Sandra Karina, Masias Ponce

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The state through its institutions and the companies that exploit natural resources

have not been taking into account the communities in the areas of influence and

it is urgent to specify new terms in the contracts for these projects.

In the absence of efficient management of socio-environmental conflicts, peasant

communities have the perception that the State and its system do not benefit

them.

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