Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes

2022, Vol. 12, No. 1 e-ISSN: 1390-8146

Published by: Luis Vargas Torres Technical University

How to cite this article (APA

): Zavaleta, F., Hinojosa, C., Cueva, E., Morante, M. (2022) Economic Impact

of Covid 19 on Travel and Tourism Agencies in the City of Chachapoyas, Peru, Revista Científica

Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes, 12(1) 95-122

Economic Impact of Covid 19 on Travel and Tourism Agencies in the City

of Chachapoyas, Peru

Impacto Económico Del Covid 19 En Las Agencias De Viajes Y Turismo De La Ciudad

De Chachapoyas Perú

Franklin Omar Zavaleta Chávez Arroyo

Master's degree. National University Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza franklin.zavaleta@untrm.edu.pe,

ORCID: 0000-0001-9670-7761

Carlos Alberto Hinojosa Salazar

PhD. National University Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza, carlos.hinojosa@untrm.edu.pe, ORCID: 0000-

0001-5603-0979

Edinson Cueva Vega

MsC. National University Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza, edinson.cueva@untrm.edu.pe, ORICD: 0000-

0001-5102-7594

Manuel Antonio Morante Dávila

Master's degree. National University Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza, manuel.morante@untrm.edu.pe,

ORCID: 0000-0003-3098-9019

The objective of the study is to analyze the economic impact of Covid-19

on travel and tourism agencies in the city of Chachapoyas in Peru during

the year 2021. The methodology is developed under a quantitative

approach, gathering information through interviews and surveys applied to

31 travel and tourism agencies in the city of Chachapoyas. In the results, it

has been determined that the sanitary measures given by the government

because of the Covid-19 pandemic, causing a serious negative economic

impact on travel and tourism agencies, resulting in 29% of the total number

of tourist agencies closing temporarily, 19.4% of companies are operating

part-time, which means that almost half of the travel and tourism agencies

have decided to reinvent themselves in other commercial areas, due to the

low demand of domestic and foreign tourists who visit us. It is concluded

that the impacts of the pandemic on these sectors require adjustments in

the decision making process.

Abstract

Received 2021-04-02

Revised 2021-07-11

Accepted 2021-11- 21

Published 2022-01-04

Corresponding Author

Franklin Omar Zavaleta Chávez

Arroyo

franklin.zavaleta@untrm.edu.pe

Pages: 95-122

https://creativecommons.org/li

censes/by-nc-sa/4.0/

Distributed under

Economic Impact of Covid 19 on Travel and Tourism Agencies in the City of Chachapoyas, Peru

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , /2022 / , Vol. 12, No. 1

Keywords:

Economic impact, Covid-19, travel agencies and tourism.

Resumen

El objetivo de estudio es analizar el impacto económico del Covid-19, en

las agencias de viaje y turismo de la ciudad de Chachapoyas en Perú

durante el año 2021. La metodología se desarrolla bajo un enfoque

cuantitativo, recopila información, a través de entrevistas y encuestas

aplicadas a 31 agencias de viaje y turismo de la ciudad de Chachapoyas.

En los resultados, se ha determinado que las medidas sanitarias dadas por

el gobierno a causa de la pandemia del Covid-19, ocasionando un grave

impacto económico negativo en las agencias de viaje y turismo, teniendo

como consecuencia que el 29% del total de las agencias turísticas cierren

temporalmente, el 19.4%, de empresas viene funcionando a tiempo

parcial, lo que implica que casi la mitad de las agencias de viaje y turismo

han decidido, reinventarse en otros rubros comerciales, en razón de la baja

demanda de turistas nacionales y extranjeros que nos visitan. Se concluye

que los impactos de la pandemia sobre estos sectores obligan a generar

ajustes en el proceso de toma de decisiones.

Palabras clave:

Impacto económico, Covid-19, agencias de viaje y

turismo.

Introduction

Covid-19, first reported by the World Health Organization, did

not imagine that a few months later, this disease would result in

the closing of borders and the confinement of the population.

According to the World Health Organization (2020), the first

report was identified in December 2019, in the city of Wuhan,

capital of Hubei province, in the People's Republic of China, in

that period were identified people showing signs of an unknown

pneumonia, most of these affected people were linked to

workers in the wholesale seafood market in the city of Wuhan,

during this period the existence of the virus was still unknown,

the cases occur between December 12 and 29 according to the

health authorities of Wuhan.

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According to the World Health Organization (2020), On the first

day of January 2020, China's health authorities closed the

wholesale seafood market where they suspected the source of

the virus, then on January 5, 2020, the Municipal Health

Commission announced that a retrospective investigation into

the outbreak of the virus was launched after it was discovered

that wild animals sold in the market may be the source of the

disease.

According to CNN English (2020), on January 7, 2020, Chinese

authorities confirmed that the virus had been identified as a new

coronavirus initially named 2019-nCoV by the WHO. Also, on

January 11, 2020, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission

announced the first death that was caused by the coronavirus,

on January 13, 2020 the Thai authorities announced a case of

coronavirus infection, a Chinese citizen who had arrived from

Wuhan, and in this way the Covid 19- was spreading around the

world, subsequently it was declared a pandemic due to the

worldwide spread and an unexpected increase of Covid-19

cases, which has generated radical negative impacts on the

global economy.

The auditing organization Ernst & Young (2020), mentioned that

the economic instability caused by the pandemic, began with

the needs of the 15 health systems, closures of companies,

educational centers, stores and reducing the productivity of a

country or region, the Covid -19 affects most productive sectors

in the world such as: textile industry, due to the closure of

factories, in Suzhou (city in China), where the largest percentage

of bridal dresses sold worldwide are made, the technology

industry, the export of smartphones had a significant economic

fall followed by tourism.

According to the World Tourism Organization Word Tourism

Organization (2020), Covid-19 generated many negative

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consequences such as: the number of international tourists was

reduced in the first semester of 2020, generating losses in

international tourism revenues. The aviation industry has also

been affected, due to travel restrictions and reduced demand

for flights and airport closures. With respect to the

pharmaceutical industry, the effects suffered by this industry

have been mainly the redistribution of resources in order to

increase the production capacity of key drugs for the treatment

of Covid-19, and the search for new treatments and vaccines.

The hydrocarbon market has also been affected by this

pandemic, and has gone through the worst crisis in history, due

to the low demand caused by the confinement, people did not

drive, there were no flights, there was no way to increase its

demand; in the industrial and manufacturing sector, the closing

of factories in Italy has also suffered the consequences of this

sanitary crisis, severely affecting the production of European

cars.

The Single Digital Platform of the State (2020), mentioned that

in 2020 the virus has spread rapidly and increased the

uncertainty of several important economic sectors worldwide,

causing the largest global recession in history. The first case

reported in Peru was announced by the President of the

Republic, Martin Vizcarra, on March 6, 2020. On March 15,

2020, the Peruvian government decreed a state of emergency

and mandatory social isolation at the national level, measures

that were recurrently extended on several occasions. These

measures were not enough to stop the contagion, which quickly

spread to several regions of our country after the first case,

resulting in thousands of deaths, even more with the arrival of

the second wave of Covid-19, which also had serious

consequences on the Peruvian economy.

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According to the Single Digital Platform of the State (2020), the

pandemic is causing a serious catastrophic impact on the

economy of Peru, with a future that is still unknown, this disease

is configured as the worst pandemic that has been experienced

in recent years, due to the bankruptcy of trade flows worldwide,

in the case of Peru this has affected because one way to stop

the spread of this virus has been through social isolation,

resulting in the cutting of economic circuits, also falling

significantly the gross domestic product.

According to the University of Lima (2020), when the pandemic

began, it was estimated that 60% of the economic activity had

been suspended, and only 40% of the economic engines were

working, which resulted in unemployment and a substantial

decrease in household income, as well as a major problem for

informal workers, who represent 70% of the labor force.

The Peruvian government during the year 2020 has allocated

significant resources to mitigate the health and financial effects

of the pandemic, but the results have not been so favorable for

Peruvian families, the country has collapsed hospitals and a very

large shortage of oxygen respirators, which in turn serve to

increase the capacity of ICU (Intensive Care Unit) beds.

The economic impact of the pandemic had consequences and

social impact due to the rapid spread of Covid 19, the World

Health Organization (WHO) publicly declared a global

pandemic, causing shortages of basic necessities, generating

shortages of medicines and personal protection, finally

producing a rise in prices in these, expanding this behavior

throughout Peru, also the prolongation of social isolation

caused many people decided to return to their home city, due

to lack of work; In the education sector, after the first case of

Covid-19 became known, the Ministry of Education decided to

postpone the start of classes in all public and private schools,

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the same measures were taken for public and private

universities, and measures were taken to implement distance

education, creating the program Aprendo en casa (I learn at

home), through virtual classes for public schools.

According to the Peruvian Institute of Economics (2020), in the

transportation sector, when the state decreed a national state

of emergency to deal with COVID-19, it caused the closure of

the country's borders, where it was indicated that the measures

are given for international and interprovincial passenger

services, The measures were also issued to prevent the spread

of COVID-19 in urban transportation in the city of Lima,

extending this measure to other regions of the country, and in

economic terms the sectors most affected by the quarantine

are: mining, tourism, commerce and fishing, preventing the

export of anchoveta and the processing of fishmeal, the latter

being for the country a major world producer with sales of about

900 thousand metric tons.

Similarly, the Peruvian Institute of Economics (2020), indicates

that the tourism sector is one of the most affected by the

pandemic, receiving annually 4.5 million tourists and

representing 3% of GDP, has come to record losses that directly

affect restaurants, lodging, travel agencies and tourism, among

others.

The Amazon region, especially the Chachapoyas support center

where tourists arrive and from here they travel to the different

tourist resources, tourism is one of the main economic activities,

since it provides livelihoods for thousands of people and the

pandemic has caused an economic impact that has affected

tourism service providers.

Tourism generates employment, as borders are closed and air

travel is drastically reduced, in the first half of 2020 domestic

and international tourist arrivals decreased drastically and

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therefore tourism service providers do not have tourists to

provide their services.

To date, there have been no significant or encouraging

advances for the reactivation of the economy, because

corruption in our country also caused the problematic situation

we are currently experiencing, the responsibility of public

officials was to mitigate the virus, they found in the pandemic

an opportunity for enrichment, the response of the state have

not been the most successful, at present, there is a minimum

percentage of vaccines, and the recovery will depend largely on

the management capacity of our rulers.

Therefore, our research aims to answer the following question:

What is the economic impact of COVID 19 on travel and tourism

agencies in the city of Chachapoyas, 2021? For the

development of the research, it was considered relevant the

contributions taken from researches with variables similar to the

study, so they served as background of the research that

provide necessary data and give consistency to the study, at the

international and national level, research was conducted at the

regional and local level and having not found similar research.

According to Pulido and Cabello (2020), in their research

entitled "Analysis of the economic impact of the coronavirus on

the tourism sector in Colombia". Carried out at the Faculty of

Economic and Administrative Sciences, Specialization in

Financial Administration, of the Catholic University of Colombia.

The general objective of the research was to analyze the actions

taken by the government, as a result of the sanitary and

economic emergency situation of the country, to mitigate the

increase of cases caused by the Covid19, and in what

magnitude this has affected the tourism sector, another of the

objectives is to provide alternatives for the reactivation of the

tourism sector. The research reached the following conclusions:

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Sanitary emergencies given by the state have been present

since previous years, caused by other types of contagious

diseases, which have caused great impact on the world

economy, affecting almost all economic sectors, one of them is

tourism. In Colombia, the tourism sector has represented one of

the most important sectors of the national economy, generating

considerable jobs. As a result of the arrival of Covid-19, sanitary,

economic and social measures were taken to prevent the spread

of Covid-19. Based on the decisions taken by the government,

it generated the closure of all means of transportation, which

had repercussions on the low demand of the tourist sector,

causing unemployment and poverty, because this sector was

not prepared to face a situation of great magnitude.

According to Castillo and Loja (2020), in their research entitled

"impact on tourism development in the family economy of

Jambeli Island". Carried out in the Faculty of Social Sciences, of

the Professional Career of Social Work, of the Technical

University of Machala. The general objective of the research was

to investigate the occurrence of tourism development in the

family economy, related to elements of risk of contagion of the

Covid-19 pandemic of the inhabitants of Jambeli Island. The

research used the survey technique, by means of the respective

instrument such as the questionnaire, with this, information was

obtained and data was collected. The survey was applied to

families and people who offer or undertake a business, with the

purpose of knowing their criteria about the problem in the

context of the COVID-19 pandemic and with them to identify

the level of affectation to their economy. The research reached

the following conclusions: tourism is the area most affected by

the pandemic caused by Covid-19, causing many families who

depended on tourism to generate income to seek employment

opportunities in other areas and often in other countries, since

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the labor sector was also seriously affected, as several tourism

companies went bankrupt and others closed temporarily.

Currently, Jambeli Island has resumed its tourism activities,

implementing a biosecurity plan to prevent the spread of Covid-

19. Tourism is a fundamental source of income for families on

Jambeli Island.

According to Umaña (2020), in his research entitled "Affectación

empresarial costarricense desde la llegada de la COVID-19

aplicado a la zona de Pérez Zeledón durante en II y III trimestre

del año 2020". Carried out at the Faculty of Economics and

Administrative Sciences, Department of Marketing and Market

Research, of the Doctorate Program in Economics and Business

Sciences, of the University of Granada. The general objective of

the research was to determine to what extent Covid-19 affected

the country, and what measures have been taken by the Costa

Rican government. The research was determined by the

investigation of data or the search for solutions. With scientific

rigor, research is a series of procedures that are carried out in

order to reach new knowledge about a fact that, once found,

can help us to create conclusions and solutions to the situations

caused by them. The research concluded that the solution for

the tourism sector comes from the application of two principles:

the geopolitical one, regarding the geographical situation of the

country and, on the other hand, the value of the tourism sector

since it should be considered as a fundamental mechanism of

the country's economy.

According to De la Barra, Bocanegra and Mayo (2020), in their

research entitled "Economic effects on inbound tourism,

hydrocarbon exploitation and the mining industry due to Covid-

19 in Peru". The general objective of the research was to analyze

the economic effects of Covid-19 on tourism and other sectors

of the national economy. The research was carried out under a

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descriptive scope, the purpose was to gather necessary and

precise information to establish a work of analysis on the main

variables of qualitative character. On the other hand, it

establishes a character of correlational scope with respect to the

main events and measures established and consequent effects

for the mentioned sectors. The research reached the following

conclusions: each of the economic sectors plays an important

role in the development of the country. However, with the arrival

of Covid-19, social confinement measures were taken, causing

the industrial, hydrocarbon and tourism sectors to have an

abysmal halt in their operations, urging solutions to be provided

by the Peruvian state. The government has implemented

programs for companies and subsidies for the most vulnerable

people, giving them new opportunities to reinvent themselves

economically.

According to Meza (2020), in his research entitled "Apavid y

Turismo Seguro Post Pandemia del Covid-19". Conducted at

the Faculty of Communication, Communication career,

University of Lima. The general objective of the research was to

propose a comprehensive communication campaign for APAVIT

that could be implemented after the COVID-19 pandemic. The

research reached the following conclusions: Covid-19 has

generated concern and rejection of the measures taken by the

government, when the health crisis comes to an end, the

reactivation of tourism has to be associated with people who

are not vulnerable, people whose priority is to know different

places, people where the health crisis has not affected their

economy, and provide appropriate measures and confidence,

to successfully revive tourism.

According to Ramos (2020), in his research entitled "Design of

campaign on safety in receptive tourism for social networks to

contribute to increase the flow of foreign receptive tourists aged

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50 to 60 years in the context covid-19". Carried out in the

Faculty of Humanities, of the professional career of Art and

Business Design, of the San Ignacio de Loyola University. The

general objective of the research was to investigate the

prognosis of the reduction in the flow of tourists between 50

and 60 years old by 2021 due to the high number of infections

and deaths caused by COVID-19 in Peru. The research was

based on a work and the methods used were: Surveys and

interviews. The research reached the following conclusions: the

proposed project can be successful and viable since it

contributes social and economic factors, where work must be

done to regain the confidence of tourists, this means a

challenge that would be successful if there is a comprehensive

plan with the correct sanitary measures.

According to Cruz and Peréz (2021), in their research entitled

"Current diagnosis of the strategic collaboration of stakeholders

in the Peruvian tourism sector (chain hotels, guild, media,

Government of Peru and Government of Chile) aimed at Chilean

tourists during the COVID-19 pandemic: push and pull

motivations, and crisis management". Carried out at the School

of Management and Senior Management, to obtain the

professional degree of Bachelor in Management, Pontificia

Universidad Católica del Perú. The general objective of the

research was to diagnose the current state of strategic

collaboration among stakeholders of the Peruvian tourism

sector consulted and aimed at Chilean tourists during the

COVID-19 pandemic. This research is descriptive and

correlational in scope. On the one hand, the descriptive scope

seeks to specify the characteristics and profiles of the group to

be investigated. It has been considered pertinent to use the

mixed approach for the present research; that is, the collection

and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. The research

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reached the following conclusions: tourism and the hotel

industry are interrelated, being in crisis due to the measures

adopted by the government that prevent tourism. On the other

hand, there is evidence of a bad image of many tourist centers,

related to hygiene, cleanliness, safety and infrastructure, tourists

stated that these are factors that should be improved.

According to Ríos and Rodríguez (2020), in their research

entitled "La pandemia de la covid-19 y su afección en la

situación económica financiera del Hotel Bracamonte, distrito

de Huanchaco 2020". Carried out at the Faculty of Business

Sciences, Professional School of Administration, Universidad

Cesar Vallejo. The general objective of the research was to

determine the degree to which covid-19 affects the Hotel's

finances. The present research thesis is of applied type, because

its main purpose is to solve a problem in a short period of time

and the research design is non-experimental. The research

reached the following conclusions: it was established that the

pandemic produced by Covid-19, had as a consequence the

dismissal of personnel in the Hotel Bracamonte, affecting also

the decrease of clients within the Hotel. The pandemic also

caused a loss in the year 2020.

According to Soriano (2020), in his research entitled "Musical

events to contribute to the tourist offer of the historical center

of Lima, proposal of the post-pandemic musical circuit 2020".

Carried out at the Faculty of Communication Sciences, Tourism

and Psychology, of the professional school of Tourism and Hotel

Management, of the San Martin de Porres University. The

general objective of the research was to propose how musical

events contribute to the tourist offer of the Historic Center of

Lima in the post-pandemic situation. The research was based on

a qualitative research study and the phenomenological design

was used. It is worth mentioning that qualitative research seeks

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to deepen the understanding of a phenomenon under study,

and not to generalize "the phenomenological design aims to

describe and understand the phenomena from the point of view

of each individual from the collectively constructed perspective.

The research reached the following conclusions, it was

determined that musical cultural activities have been present in

places near Plaza San Martin and Plaza Mayor in Lima, where

there were musical concerts of different musical genres, this

event causes the interest of visitors from various parts of Peru

and the world, as for the creation of, could cause a benefit for

both tourism and musical events. According to the data

obtained through the analysis of interviews, the spaces where

concerts were held before the pandemic are very important and

well-known places, and at the same time, these spaces have

been recognized as places of tourist movement; the musical

circuit could be of great help to further diversify the tourism

offer.

Materials and methods

The study will be made up of 31 travel and tourism agencies in the

city of Chachapoyas, according to the directory of the Regional

Directorate of Foreign Trade and Tourism of Amazonas 2020. The

sample is made up of 100%, which is equivalent to 31 travel and

tourism agencies in the city of Chachapoyas.

The sampling is a non-probabilistic sample by convenience, so the

sample will be established by 31 travel and tourism agencies, which

are located in the city of Chachapoyas.

The following project and research will be designed under the

methodological approach of the quantitative approach, since it is

intended to explain the economic impact of Covid-19 on travel and

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tourism agencies in the city of Chachapoyas, which is generally

focused and quantified in data collection.

According to Hernández; Fernández and Baptista (2014), he mentions

that quantitative and qualitative and mixed approaches form possible

choices to address research problems and are valuable. They are the

best ways designed by mankind to inquire and forge knowledge.

Research is a set of systematic, critical and empirical methods applied

to the study of a problem, the quantitative approach is one that uses

data collection to test hypotheses based on numerical measurement

and statistical analysis, in order to establish patterns of behavior and

test theories.

The data collection techniques are the interview and the survey. The

development of the research was based on the travel and tourism

agencies of the city of Chachapoyas-2021, which began with the

direct interview of the current reality and the situation before the

pandemic, dialogue with workers, administrators, managers, who are

in charge of the travel and tourism agencies who revealed the financial

situation they are currently experiencing as a result of the Covid-19

pandemic.

Recognizing the little support from local, regional and national

governments, they recognize that they are looking for strategies so

that their companies do not close, and continue to fight every day to

maintain their image and their brand in the market. In the same way,

the theories were reviewed that allowed to propose the research, to

then carry out the design and development of the same, considering

the theoretical foundations that will serve as a basis for the realization

of the research, which has an impact on the reality found.

Likewise, the survey was applied, which is a data collection technique

designed as a study instrument consisting of a set of questions

directed to the sample represented by the travel and tourism

agencies of the city of Chachapoyas, which was carried out through

the interaction of the interviewee and the interviewer in order to

resolve doubts and misinterpretations of the questionnaire, thus

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obtaining reliable, accurate and truthful results. Data analysis,

statistically the study will be analyzed through the analysis of

information in two phases.

First phase: simple descriptive analysis, the survey was the instrument

used for this research, validated by a professional who has extensive

experience in the subject, applied to the population and sample,

which will be represented in statistical tables and figures. The

reliability of the instrument, in the same way the reliability of the study

instrument, in this case the questionnaire, was carried out by means

of the statistical software SPSS, which gave a high degree of reliability

in all its dimensions.

Second phase: Inferential descriptive statistics, the statistical data will

be collected and submitted to the SPSS program (Statistical Package

for Social Sciences version), analyzing the statistical data and the level

of significance.

Results

Considering the questionnaire as an application instrument and

reliable source of information, aimed at determining the economic

impact of travel and tourism agencies in the city of Chachapoyas-

2021, the results of which respond to the objectives set out in the

research:

To identify general data on travel and tourism agencies in

Chachapoyas.

It was found that of the 31 people surveyed, the travel and tourism

agencies are mostly made up of male staff, which at the same time

have a higher degree of university education, 93.7% of companies

have active ruc and been, 100% of travel agencies and tourism, have

a municipal license and registration in the Dircetur and Gercetur,

93.5% of travel agencies and tourism belong to a micro and small

business, and 54.8% belong to retail travel agencies, followed by tour

operators and wholesale travel agencies. It was also identified that the

most important secondary activities of the companies are

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transportation, restaurant and lodging services, and finally, the tools

most used by travel and tourism agencies to promote their economic

activity are social networks and the website.

SO2. Identify the current situation and expectations of the agencies

It was verified that of the 31 people surveyed the results show that

51.6%, of travel and tourism agencies are working full time, another

percentage of 29%, of travel and tourism agencies have closed due

to the pandemic and others are working part time, With regard to the

variation of sales 32.3% of, expressed that their sales have dropped

considerably by up to 100%, in other cases 80 and 90% comparing

2020 sales with 2019 sales, the same scenario was observed to the

first quarter of 2020, where 45.5%, indicated that their sales dropped,

while other companies are without commercial activity since the

beginning of the pandemic.

SO3. To identify the employability situation in travel and tourism

agencies, before and during the Covid-19 pandemic.

With regard to labor, another aspect that has been most affected by

Covid-19, the travel and tourism agencies in the city of Chachapoyas

have two types of personnel: permanent, which refers to those who

perform administrative work, and temporary workers, who are those

who perform field work. Before the pandemic, the travel and tourism

agencies had a maximum of 10 permanent workers and a minimum of

1.It is also important to mention that 93.5% of travel and tourism

agencies are micro and small enterprises (MSEs), which means that

MSEs should not have more than 10 workers. And as temporary

workers, they have worked with a maximum of 10 people and a

minimum of 2.

At present, these figures have decreased considerably to the point of

having a maximum of 04 permanent workers, and as for temporary

workers, they have remained at a maximum of 10.

Now, with regard to the method of payment before Covid, only 3.2%

of the companies have had a maximum of 07 workers on the payroll,

and a considerable percentage have been receiving their

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remuneration through a receipt for fees, currently only 3.2% have a

maximum of 04 workers on the payroll, maintaining the high

percentage of workers who receive their remuneration through a

receipt for fees. On the other hand, 58.1% of people working in travel

and tourism agencies have been developing their activities in a face-

to-face manner, as well as performing mixed work. and that there is a

decrease in the reduction of personnel salaries with a percentage

figure of 38.7%, and another group representing 38.7% of

entrepreneurs have decided to maintain their workers' salaries.

Identify the indebtedness and payment capacity of travel and tourism

agencies in Chachapoyas produced by COVID-19.

This specific objective refers to credits granted by the state such as

Reactive Peru, where 77.4% indicated that they have not been able

to access these credits, either for reasons of not meeting the

requirements, or other reasons, however 22.However, 22.6% did

manage to access credits through the Reactive Peru program. With

regard to the Fae Mype credits, 100% of people have not been able

to obtain these benefits, in the same way as with the Fae Tourism

program where 100% also mentioned that they did not obtain credits

through these programs, for reasons of having received Reactive

Peru, or because they do not meet the requirements or other reasons.

SO5. Identify measures, actions, scenarios and aspects of travel and

tourism agencies in Chachapoyas to overcome the crisis produced by

COVID-19.

It was found that the measures and actions that travel and tourism

agencies have used or have been using, 32.On the other hand, 71%

of businessmen indicated that the most probable scenario for their

companies is to continue with the business, while 29% do not know

what is coming for this sector. One of the positive aspects that they

consider to reactivate tourism is vaccination with 71%, as well as the

improvement of infrastructure; 58.1% also consider that quarantines

are negative aspects that will most affect the reactivation of tourism.

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Put forward recommendations to overcome the crisis produced by

COVID-19.

The businessmen belonging to the travel and tourism agencies

indicated that it would be convenient and necessary to avoid the

restrictions, allowing a higher percentage of capacity for the tourist

centers, logically with the corresponding and necessary measures,

and hopes that the next government will speed up the vaccination

issue, and provide solutions for economic reactivation, supporting this

time the smaller companies that to date have not been among the

priorities of the state and that the credit programs have been of more

benefit to large companies.

In the results of the research work it was possible to know and identify

the magnitude of the economic impact that Covid-19, and

consequently the pandemic, has had on the travel and tourism

agencies in the city of Chachapoyas, therefore, it has been

determined that the sanitary measures taken by the government

because of the pandemic caused by Covid-19, has caused a serious

negative economic impact on travel and tourism agencies, resulting

in 29% of all tourist agencies temporarily closing their businesses,

19% of businesses are operating part-time, which means that almost

half of the travel and tourism agencies have decided to reinvent

themselves in other business areas, due to the low demand for

domestic and foreign tourists that has received.This means that

almost half of the travel and tourism agencies have decided to

reinvent themselves in other commercial areas due to the low demand

of national and foreign tourists that the city of Chachapoyas has

received.

Likewise, De la Barra & Bocanegra y Mayo (2020), who indicates that

the economic sectors play an important role in the development of

the country, however, with the arrival of Covid-19, measures of social

confinement have been taken, causing several sectors such as

tourism, to have an abysmal halt in their operations, where many

companies have been forced to reinvent themselves economically in

other areas. I come to agree with the conclusions given by the author

mentioned above.

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This has also had an impact on the level of sales. As of March 2020,

when the government decreed a national sanitary emergency, the

decrease in sales began, and compared to 2019, at least 32.3% of the

travel and tourism agencies had no income, while the rest of the travel

and tourism agencies had only a minimum percentage margin of sales

in that year.

By the end of 2020, it was believed that the disease caused by Covid-

19 was already under control, so the government would have

indicated the opening of several economic sectors, including tourism,

without imagining that, in the first quarter of 2021, the second wave

of Covid-19 would begin, which again brought many limitations for

this sector, and that sales in the first quarter have remained in little or

no encouraging figures.

Similarly, Pulido & Cabello (2020) report that following the arrival of

Covid-19, sanitary, economic and social measures were taken to

prevent the spread of Covid-19. Based on the decisions taken by the

government, this led to the closure of all means of transportation,

which had an impact on the low demand in the tourism sector and

therefore also affected the level of sales.

On the other hand, with regard to labor, another aspect that has been

most affected by Covid-19, the travel and tourism agencies in the city

of Chachapoyas have two types of personnel: permanent, which refers

to those people who perform administrative work, and temporary

workers, who are those who perform field work; before the pandemic,

the travel and tourism agencies had a maximum of 10 permanent

workers and a minimum of 1.It is also important to mention that 93.5%

of travel and tourism agencies are micro and small enterprises (MSEs),

which means that MSEs should not have more than 10 workers. And

as temporary workers, they have worked with a maximum of 10

people and a minimum of 2.

At present, these figures have decreased considerably to the point of

having a maximum of 04 permanent workers, and as for temporary

workers, they have remained at a maximum of 10.

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Now, with respect to the payment method before Covid, only 3.2%

of the companies had a maximum of 07 workers on the payroll, and a

considerable percentage have been receiving their remuneration by

means of a receipt for fees, currently only 3.2% have a maximum of

04 workers on the payroll, maintaining the high percentage of workers

who receive their remuneration by means of a receipt for fees.

Ríos and Rodríguez (2020) also mention in their research that the

pandemic produced by Covid-19 resulted in the dismissal of

personnel.

Pulido and Cabello (2020) also agree that Covid-19 has had an impact

on the low demand in the tourism sector, causing unemployment and

poverty, since the sector was not prepared to face a situation of such

magnitude.

In this sense, we agree with the author regarding the reduction of

personnel in travel and tourism agencies, which has resulted in

unemployment. On the subject of employability there is much to say,

starting by making a constructive criticism to the companies of the

tourist sector, since in the data it has reflected that the majority of the

workers are not in payroll, let us remember that the temporary workers

are those that make field work, that make the hardest and sacrificed

work, for being those who move for diverse routes of the amazon, it

is here where it is supposed that these workers should count on a

support of the companies for which they work, And that support

would be being on the payroll, as it would provide multiple benefits,

and the most important would be health insurance, which is the most

essential in times of pandemic, taking into account that more than

50% of the companies perform face-to-face work, and because the

nature of the work itself requires it, and that this work is being done

mostly by temporary or field workers and especially taking into

account that at least 38.7% of travel and tourism agencies have

reduced the remuneration of their workers. While it is true that mypes

are not obliged to have workers on the payroll, having them would

bring benefits, such as formalization, greater productivity on the part

of their workers because they feel motivated and safe to do their work,

access to lines of credit from credit institutions.

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At this point, we do not agree with any author regarding the mode of

payment of workers, but as a result of having a job without labor

benefits, we agree with the author Ríos Lezama and Rodriguez

Santander (2020), in the aspect that the pandemic produced by

Covid-19, resulted in the dismissal of personnel, mostly of the

personnel who were under service contracts.

Now, in relation to the economic issue, which is another of the

consequences brought about by Covid-19, before the pandemic the

companies in the tourism sector were economically solvent. Currently,

in order to facilitate the companies' access to working capital for the

payment of their short term obligations with workers, suppliers, in

order to ensure the continuity of the payment chain, the State

provided access to various credits, one of them is the Reactiva Peru.

In the city of Chachapoyas, it has not been a solution to the problem

of small entrepreneurs belonging to the tourism sector, because at

least 77.4% of people have not been able to access this credit, these

credits were administered by nine private banks that concentrate the

funds of reactiva Peru, having a higher percentage in the banks of:

BCP, BBVA, INTERBANK AND SCOTIABANK, and where the majority

of MYPES have not been able to access this credit.

The small businesses in the tourism sector in the city of Chachapoyas

were not very attractive economically and were not on their list of

priorities, many of these companies met the requirements, and at the

same time many of these agencies informed them that they did not

qualify for the program created by the state, without any explanation,

this is what the vast majority of companies referred to in the interview

they had with them, The small and micro enterprises have been the

least favored and therefore 29% of the travel and tourism agencies

have decided to temporarily close their business and others have

resorted to personal loans to meet their obligations, the same has

happened with the Fae Mype and Fae Tourism credits, unlike those

who were able to access the credit of reactiva Peru, they could no

longer access more credits created by the government.

The measures and restrictions that have been announced by the

government on several occasions are considered as not successful for

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those who run small and micro businesses, because despite being a

sector that is not very favored by the state, they have decided to

remain in the market, seeking various alternatives, complementing

their main economic activity with other secondary activities. And

looking for different ways to promote their business mainly through

their website and social networks. Making a comparison with the

research conducted by Cruz & Peréz (2021), where it concludes that

tourism and the hotel industry are interrelated, being in crisis due to

the measures adopted by the government that prevent tourism.

Based on this, it is suggested to carry out research that achieves or

helps to reduce the impact on these sectors.

Travel agencies and tourism companies have been using several

measures, one of them is the perfect suspension of work. In addition,

71% of the people indicated that, despite the pandemic, they plan to

continue with their business, and that the most important thing to

reactivate tourism will be the vaccination of the population, 58.1%

mentioned that what has been affecting tourism the most are the

quarantines. Comparing with the author Cruz Gonzales & Peréz

Chacón (2021), where in a similar way refers that tourism is in crisis

due to the measures adopted by the government that prevent

tourism. And because of the inefficiency of the government in not

managing vaccines for the population in a timely manner.

Conclusions

It was found that of the 31 people surveyed, the travel and tourism

agencies are mostly made up of male staff, which at the same time

have a higher degree of university education, 93.7% of companies

have active ruc and been, 100% of travel agencies and tourism, have

a municipal license and registration in the dircetur and gercetur,

93.5% of travel agencies and tourism belong to a micro and small

business, and 54.8% belong to retail travel agencies, followed by tour

operators and wholesale travel agencies. It was also identified that the

most important secondary activities of the companies are

transportation, restaurant and lodging services, and finally, the tools

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most used by travel and tourism agencies to promote their economic

activity are social networks and the website.

It was verified that of the 31 people surveyed, the results show that

51.6% of travel and tourism agencies are working full time, another

percentage of 29% of travel and tourism agencies have closed due to

the pandemic and others are working part time. Regarding the

variation of sales 32.3% of, expressed that their sales have dropped

considerably by up to 100%, in other cases 80 and 90% comparing

sales in 2020 with sales in 2019, the same scenario was observed in

the first quarter of 2020, where 45.5%, indicated that their sales

decreased, while other companies are without commercial activity

since the beginning of the pandemic.

It was found that travel and tourism agencies had a maximum of up

to 10 permanent workers as temporary workers, and that at the same

time only 3.2% of entrepreneurs had more workers on payroll, before

the beginning of the pandemic, at present these figures have

decreased and the companies are working with up to 04 workers

permanently, and with regard to temporary staff has maintained the

figure up to 85 with a maximum of 10 workers, likewise the

percentage of 3.The percentage of 3.2% of entrepreneurs continues

to maintain the highest number of personnel on the payroll, in

contrast to the number of personnel who receive their remuneration

by means of a receipt for fees, which has been maintained and

presents the highest percentage figure, as travel and tourism

agencies have more people working by means of a receipt for fees

than by payroll. On the other hand, 58.1% of people working in travel

and tourism agencies have been developing their activities in person,

as well as performing mixed work. and that there is a decrease in the

reduction of salaries of 38.7%, and 38.7% of employers have decided

to maintain the salary of their workers.

Mention is made of the credits granted by the state such as Reactive

Peru, where 77.4% indicated that they have not been able to access

these credits, either for reasons that do not meet the requirements,

or other reasons, however 22.However, 22.6% did manage to access

credits through the Reactive Peru program. With regard to Fae Mype

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credits, 100% of people have not been able to obtain these benefits,

as with the Fae Tourism program, where 100% also mentioned that

they did not obtain credits through these programs, for reasons of

having received Reactive Peru, or because they did not meet the

requirements or other reasons.

It was found that the measures that travel and tourism agencies have

used or have been using, 32.3%, indicated that they used the perfect

suspension of work, closure of offices and reduction of salaries, on the

other hand 71% of entrepreneurs indicated that the most likely

scenario for their companies is to continue with the business, while

29% do not know what is coming for this sector, one of the positive

aspects they consider to reactivate tourism is the vaccination with

71%, as well as the improvement of infrastructure, 58.1% also

consider that quarantines are the negative aspects that will most

affect the reactivation of tourism.