Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
2024, Vol. 14, No. 1 e-ISSN: 1390-8146
Published by: Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres
How to cite this article (APA):
Chere-Quiónez, B., Ayovi, G., Martínez-Peralta, A., Mercado-Bautista,
J. (2024) Technical-economic analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system, Revista Científica
Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes, 14(1) 125-
Technical-economic analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system
Análisis técnico económico de un sistema fotovoltaico conectado a la red
Byron Fernando Chere-Quiñónez
Master in Electricity, Electrical Engineer, Electrical Engineer, Research Professor at the Universidad
Técnica Luis Vargas Torres of Esmeraldas, Ecuador.byron.chere@utelvt.edu.echttps://orcid.org/0000-
0003-1886-6147
Gabriel Alexander Ayovi Gruezo
Electrical Engineer at the Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres of Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
gagabriel.ayovi@utelvt.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0753-7762
Alejandro Javier Martínez-Peralta
Master in Electricity, Electrical Engineer, Electrical Engineer, Research Professor at the Universidad
Técnica Luis Vargas Torres of Esmeraldas, Ecuador. amartinez8875@utm.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-1176-5001
Jorge Daniel Mercado-Bautista
Master in Mechanics, Mention in Energy Efficiency, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador.
jmercado0070@utm.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6055-1670
This article presents the technical-economic feasibility of a distributed
energy system connected to the grid or micro grid for the Recintos
Zapallo, San Mateo parish, Esmeraldas Province. Having distributed
generation seeks to minimize power losses by having generation from
the load point. The work begins by collecting monthly data of the
electrical loads of the Zapallo compound, climatic data and
associated monetary data with the objective of investigating a
feasibility study of the renewable energy supply system. Different
scenarios are developed according to the needs of the project and
the scenarios were modeled using HOMER software. The study
concludes with a direct comparison of economic feasibility, renewable
Abstract
Received 2023-10-08
Revised 2023-12-12
Published 2024-01-05
Corresponding Author
Byron Chere-Quiñónez
byron.chere@utelvt.edu.ec
Pages: 125-
https://creativecommons.org/licens
es/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Distributed under
Copyright: © The Author(s)
Technical-economic analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 1
126
energy fraction and emission between all aspects of the system for a
suitable sustainable solution. This study is useful for distribution
companies to have an additional element of judgment to minimize
power losses in the network, as well as to consider building island
circuits to optimize distribution costs in rural locations.
Keywords:
Distributed Energy System, Photovoltaic System,
HOMER Software, Optimization
Resumen
Este articulo presenta la viabilidad técnico-económica de un sistema
de energía distribuida conectado a la red o micro red para el Recintos
Zapallo, la parroquia San Mateo, Provincia Esmeraldas. Al tener
generación distribuida se busca minimizar pérdidas de potencia al
contar con generación desde el punto de carga. El trabajo se inicia
recopilando los datos mensuales de las cargas eléctrica del recinto
Zapallo, los datos climáticos y los datos monetarios asociados con el
objetivo de investigar un estudio de viabilidad del sistema de
suministro de energía renovable. Se desarrollan diferentes escenarios
de acuerdo con las necesidades del proyecto y los escenarios se
modelaron mediante el software HOMER. El estudio concluye con
una comparación directa de la viabilidad económica, la fracción de
energía renovable y la emisión entre todos los aspectos del sistema
para una solución sostenible adecuada. Este estudio que sirve para
que las empresas distribuidoras tengan un elemento más de juicio
para minimizar las pérdidas de potencia en la red, así como considerar
construir circuitos en isla que permitan optimizar los costos de
distribución en localidades rurales.
Palbras clave:
Sistema de Energía Distribuida, Sistema
Fotovoltaico, Software HOMER, Optimización
Technical-economic analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 1
127
Introduction
In all parts of the world, reliable electricity supply is key to economic
development. However, in many developing and less developed
countries, access to a stable and uninterrupted electricity supply is
considered a luxury (Ordóñez et al., 2017).. This project will allow us
to analyze in a complex way a major problem in the rural sectors of
our province we will carry it out with an energy that today is currently
revolutionizing the whole world this is the Photovoltaic Solar Energy
let's talk a little about it The photovoltaic effect was discovered by the
Frenchman Alexandre Edmond Bequerel in 1838 when he was only
19 years old. Bequerel was experimenting with an electrolytic battery
with platinum electrodes when he noticed that the current rose in one
of the electrodes when it was exposed to the sun. We must take into
account the concept of the aforementioned that indicates that it is
that which we obtain through the conversion of sunlight into electricity
under the use of technologies based on photoelectric effects (Israel
et al., 2020). (Israel et al., 2020). Solar photovoltaic energy is one of
the most efficient renewable sources at present, and it should be
emphasized that it is one of the keys to the decarbonization of the
planet. Everything is based on the photovoltaic cell, an electronic
device with the ability to capture and transform light energy into
electricity (Antonio et al., 2022).
This paper analyzes the technical-economic feasibility of
incorporating new storage technologies in small renewable systems.
For this purpose, a software simulation of a renewable system
composed of photovoltaic panels, with their respective storage (Lead,
Lithium and Flux batteries) and inverter is carried out. The analysis is
carried out for when the system operates in island and when it is
connected to the grid. The corresponding simulations were made to
a case of consumption of a rural type house in the area: Zapallo, San
Mateo parish, Esmeraldas Province, through this technical and
economic analysis we will be able to determine the improvements and
profitability of an active distribution system.
Currently, electrical systems generate a considerable cost in network
repowering projects, so that modifications have been proposed in
these systems to compensate the demand for supply at peak hours,
Technical-economic analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system
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128
this is done in search of mitigating the instability of the system during
the period of time with higher consumption. The use of renewable
energy is increasingly on the rise, so new projects are being
implemented with environmental care in mind, so from a theoretical
point of view, photovoltaic solar panel systems are considered as a
source of renewable energy, since it makes the transformation of solar
radiation into electricity, this process is done through its photovoltaic
cells.
The reason why this project was chosen is to present an
environmentally friendly energy system option, where it is also
proposed to optimize the cost of investment in repowering and
technical improvements of the distribution system, where it is
intended to benefit the population of the parish "El Zapallo" both for
its future population growth and to meet the current demand for
electricity distribution at peak hours. Likewise, a methodological
benefit will be obtained through this project, so that an existing study
model will be available for future projects of implementation or
integration of photovoltaic systems to the active network system in
this sector, contributing in turn to the study and contribution to the
use of renewable energies.
The scope of this project is to study the optimization of the electrical
distribution network in the "El Zapallo" parish. This study will be
developed based on a point of the distribution network where the
peak demand is evidenced according to the dimensioning of the
network, so the study is limited to check the load flows at the
reference point in order to contribute to the reduction of consumption
by using a photovoltaic system connected to the network. This will be
verified through the design and simulation of the grid-connected
photovoltaic system using HOMER Pro software.
Methodology
To identify Recinto Zapallo, San Mateo parish, Esmeraldas Province,
as a good site for grid electricity generation, we first used data from
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on solar
Technical-economic analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system
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129
potential and temperature. As a result of this analysis, the research
area offers great solar potential. It is considered a model for grid
electrification. From August to December 2022, primary data were
collected from end-user surveys and questionnaires. The
administrative officer also assisted in data collection. Secondary data
were collected primarily through annual reports, publications,
literature, and online searches of relevant organizations. All of this
data was fed into the HOMER energy model, which determined that
a grid-connected solar PV system could meet primary energy needs
while reducing overall system and energy costs. The theoretical
formalism of the proposed system components is described below.
Techno-economic, optimization and sensitivity analysis of grid-
connected PV systems for the selected locations is carried out using
HOMER Pro, with weather, load, grid outage and economic data as
input data, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Methodological Process of the Research.
Source: (Das et al., 2018)
HOMER Pro
Modelización, Simulación, Análisis de
optimización y sensibilidad
Parámetros de entrada
Comparación
tecno económica
Parámetros
de salida
Ø
Tamaño óptimo de la configuración
del sistema
Ø
Producción de energía de cada componente
Ø
Consumo
total
Ø
Consumo de
combustible
Ø
Emisiones
Ø
Exceso de
energía
del sistema
Ø
Producción
económica
Ø
Tamaño del
componente
Datos de
recursos
Perfil de carga
Datos de
interrupción
de la red
Datos
económicos
Detalles técnicos de
los componentes
Control del
sistema
Restricción del
sistema
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Results
HOMER Pro is a microgrid software and HOMER Energy is the
international standard for optimizing the design of microgrids in all
areas, from community energy and the benefits of grid-connected
Recinto Zapallo, San Mateo Parish, Esmeraldas Province. This system
can be improved and distributed through HOMER Energy. HOMER
(Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources) adds 3
control tools in a single software product, so that production and
financials work side by side. Simulation
HOMER is a simulation program, it strives to simulate a feasible
method for all possible arrangements of the tools you want to study.
Depending on the complexity of the problem, HOMER software can
simulate hundreds or even thousands of methods. HOMER simulates
the process of a hybrid microgrid for an entire year, in time periods
ranging from one minute to one hour.
Optimization
HOMER studies all conceivable combinations of array types in a single
run, and then groups the systems according to the flexible optimum.
HOMER Pro programs the original optimization process that greatly
simplifies the strategy procedure for ranking the lowest-priced
possibilities for microgrids or other distributed generation of electric
power systems. HOMER is a patented "derivative-free" optimization
process that was calculated specifically for the HOMER effort.
HOMER allows you to ask as many "What if?" questions as you wish,
since you cannot control all the characteristics of a system, nor can
you identify the importance of an exact variable or option without
consecutively running hundreds or thousands of simulations and
equating the results. HOMER makes it very easy to match thousands
of possibilities in a single run. HOMER allows you to understand the
control of variables that are beyond your control, such as fuel cost,
wind speed, etc., and recognize how the optimal system changes with
these differences.
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131
The output of photovoltaic generators depends mainly on the size of
the generator, the reduction factor, solar radiation and temperature.
To calculate this output, HOMER uses the following equation:
P
!"
= C
!"
𝑓
!"
( I
#
/ I
#$%#&
)[1 + %β
!
(I
&
- I
&$%#&
)]
Where:
C
!"
photovoltaic system capacity (kW),
𝑓
!"
%reduction factor of the photovoltaic panel [%],
I
#
The current time step, the solar energy is incident on the whole in
kW per m2,
I
#$%#&
under conventional test conditions, incident radiation in kW/m2,
%β
!
%energy heat coefficient in %/ ºC.
I
&
cell temperature at the current time step in degrees Celsius,
%I
&$%#&
: temperature of cells under typical test circumstances [25 ].
HOMER's Cost Analysis Procedure
The sum of the costs of C
!"
and of the converter C
&'("
is the system
cost.
C
%)%#*+
= C
!"
% + C
&'("
Net present cost: The total costs of installation and operation over its
useful life are determined as follows:
NPC =
,
!
-
"
(i, 𝑃
.
)
where, 𝐴
/
, 𝑅
0
, i, and 𝑃
.
represent the annualized total cost, the
capital recovery factor, the interest rate in and the useful life of the
system in years, respectively.
Annualized cost: The sum of all annualized equipment costs, including
capital, operating and maintenance costs, including replacement and
gasoline costs.
C
1(213
= (CCR
4
% + CO)
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132
Capital recovery factor: Capital recovery factor is a coefficient that
calculates the present value of equivalent annual cash flows.
𝑅
0
= (%i%X%(%1%X%i%)
5
/ (%1%X%i%)
567
where n indicates the duration and i the real annual interest rate.
Cost of energy: The average cost per kilowatt-hour of usable
electricity produced per system.
COE = 𝐴
/
/ (D
!8$91&:;;
+ D
!8$9<&:;
)
here, D
!8$91&:;;
denotes AC primary load and D
!8$9<&:;
is DC primary
load.
Place of Study and Illustration of the Area
These case studies were developed to test the capacity of the
multilevel optimization method to analyze remote communities with
different climatic conditions. For this purpose, we considered 18
residences (houses) located at Recintos Zapallo, the parish of San
Mateo, Esmeraldas Province. Recintos Zapallo has been selected
because it presents different climatic conditions in terms of solar
energy availability. Table 2 shows the average horizontal insolation
(Figure 5). As we are interested in analyzing the influence of climatic
conditions, we set the load profile for the campus.
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133
Table 1.
Monthly Average Global Horizontal Solar Irradiance.
The raw solar resource data input to the software is the average global
horizontal radiation measured at 10-minute time intervals over the two
years. In addition to the solar resource data, the latitude and
longitude of this zone will also be used as input data. The time zone
is another parameter to be adjusted. Recintos Zapallo is located at
latitude: 0º29.6'N, longitude: 78º59.8'E, and with time zone of GMT
+5:00 . The annual solar radiation available at the study site is 5.34
Kwh/m2/year using HOMER.
HOMER evaluates the power of the photovoltaic system during the
year by hours and uses the latitude value to calculate the average
daily radiation from the brightness index and vice versa. The annual
average daily solar insolation in this area is 6330 Kwh/m2/day. The
efficiency of the PV system is not a HOMER data, because the
program does not designate the size of the PV system in m2, but in
kW of rated capacity. The rated capacity is the amount of energy that
the PV module obtains under STC conditions and takes into account
the efficiency of the panel. When handling rated capacity, HOMER
Months
Clarity index
Daily
radiation
Kwh/m2/day
January
0.479
4.766
February
0.545
5.627
March
0.552
5.794
April
0.618
6.330
May
0.613
5.971
June
0.611
5.749
July
0.524
4.992
August
0.497
4.955
September
0.467
4.827
October
0.531
5.478
November
0.498
4.982
December
0.468
4.585
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134
does not have to deal with efficiency, since two modules with different
efficiencies (and the same surface area) would have different sizes.
Solar resource data was downloaded on 12/15/2022 14:42:40 from
the National Renewable Energy Lab National Solar Radiation Data
base:
• Cell number: 314081
• Cell dimensions:40km*40km
• Latitude of cell midpoint:17.012
• Length of cell midpoint:81.859
• Average annual radiation: 5.34 Kwh/m2/year
Site Loading Profile
The total load profiles for the site were obtained from the respective
recinto Zapallo , canton Quinindé in Esmeraldas for the year 2022.
According to the load data collected, the daily electricity
consumption , which were 18 houses as shown in Figure 6. The
remaining loads were supplied only from an unreliable grid. The
proposed grid-connected PV systems were also modeled considering
only the critical load of the sites. of the sites.
Table 2.
Estimated Average Daily Electricity Consumption
Consumpti
on year
2022
Januar
y
(kwh)
February
(kwh)
March
(kwh)
April
(kwh)
May
(kwh)
June
(kwh)
July
(kwh)
Augus
t
(kwh)
September
(kwh)
October
(kwh)
House 1
114
114
116
113
113
115
116
112
114
116
House 2
119
118
115
116
115
116
118
117
118
115
House 3
116
114
118
115
118
114
118
116
114
118
House 4
120
118
115
119
115
115
119
116
118
119
House 5
114
115
117
116
117
116
115
115
115
115
House 6
115
117
114
113
114
113
113
114
117
117
House 7
120
115
118
118
120
117
120
118
115
120
House 8
116
113
116
116
113
114
116
116
115
116
House 9
114
116
113
115
114
115
114
115
114
115
House 10
111
115
112
112
115
113
112
113
115
113
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House 11
119
114
116
114
116
116
115
115
116
116
House 12
122
119
117
121
117
122
117
117
118
119
House 13
113
116
114
115
113
114
115
115
113
114
House 14
110
112
114
113
114
110
110
114
110
110
House 15
111
114
115
116
115
114
116
116
116
115
House 16
118
117
113
118
117
118
117
118
113
117
House 17
114
117
116
117
116
114
116
117
114
116
House 18
115
118
114
118
115
118
115
118
115
114
TOTAL
1612
1618
1957
1972
1.964
1614
1611
1621
1606
2085
Peak demand was between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. that day. This was
mainly due to the fact that the entire industrial park had started its
manufacturing process.
Electricity Rates in Ecuador
The Board of Directors of the Agency for Regulation and Control of
Energy and Non-Renewable Natural Resources (ARCERNNR), by
means of resolution ARCERNNR-009/2022 of April 14, determined
that the national average tariff for electricity service will remain at 9.2
cents per kilowatt-hour (¢USD/kWh). In other words, there will be no
variation in the final price of the service for the consumer.
The Agency carried out the technical-economic studies, in
coordination with the sector's governing body, the Ministry of Energy
and Mines, for the implementation of this resolution. Since 2020, the
price of 9.2 ¢USD/kW has been maintained for more than 5′ 505,033
energy service users.
It should also be noted that the Board of Directors approved the Tariff
Schedule for the Energy Charging Service for electric vehicles through
Resolution ARCERNNR-011/2022, in accordance with the
government policy set forth in Executive Decree No. 238, which
establishes the promotion of a development model for the electric
sector with the participation of public, mixed capital and private
companies. With this planning, the load service providers will know
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136
the maximum values they will be able to charge to the end user
(ARCERNNR, 2022).
Description of the Grid Connected Photovoltaic System
The proposed energy system is expected to meet the community's
electricity demand. The renewable energy sources considered here
are mainly solar, the photovoltaic panels produce direct current. A bi-
directional converter is inserted into this configuration. It is used to
switch the battery power from AC to DC voltage. It returns the AC
power from the battery to the AC load for the consumers. All
consumers need alternating current, so part of the software input
values are based on size and quantity. The components are the solar
PV and the converter, which also vary in size. This chapter is intended
to illustrate the input variables that will help to optimize and model
the system. Some values evaluated at their inputs will be summarized.
We have already explained in detail in the previous chapters the
components of the power generation system and their electrical
loads. The schematic representation of the HOMER simulated model
of the hybrid architecture considered in this project.
The effect of temperature is taken into account in this project. The
specifications of the PV panel selected in this study are given in Table
4. The capital cost of solar PV at the current local price in the country.
Table 3.
Technical and Economic Data of the Photovoltaic Solar Modules.
Parameter
Specification
Panel type
Flat plate
Operating temperature
47 °C
Power temperature coefficient
-0.40°C
Nominal operating cell
temperature
17.02%
Reduction factor
0.85
Cost of capital
800 $/kW
Operating and maintenance cost
9.2 $/kW/yr.
Life
25 years
Source:(Authors)
System Economics
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137
Once the resource and component data have been entered, HOMER
Pro ranks all optimization results according to their total net present
costs (NPC). The NPC is analyzed with the help of the following
equation. (Suresh et al., 2020):
Where C
#
is the annualized total cost ($/year), i is the real annual
interest rate (%), N is the useful life of the project (years), and CRF is
the capital invested, which in this study is 25 years of capital. The CRF
is calculated by the following equation (Suresh et al., 2020):
The annual real interest rate is calculated from the nominal interest
rate and the inflation rate using the following equation:
Where
I: is the nominal interest rate (%), and
F: is the annual inflation rate (%).
In this study, a nominal interest rate of 12.75% and an annual inflation
rate of 10.84% are taken. With the above equation the real interest
rate is 1.72%. (Podder et al., 2018).
The stabilized cost of energy (COE) is the cost per kWh of the power
plant over an assumed duty cycle and is calculated as follows:
Where:
E
!
is the total amount of primary load served by the system per year
(kWh/year),
NPC$=
C
T
$
CRF$
(
i,$N
)
$
CRF$
$
(
i,$N
)$
=$
$
i
(
1$+$i
)
N$
(1$+$i)
N$
−$1
$
i"=
i
n"
-f"
1+f
"
COE$=
$
$
C
T
E
P$
+E
d
+E
gs
$
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E
=
is the total amount of deferrable load that the system serves per
year (kWh/year), and
E
>?
: is the amount of energy sold to the grid per year (kWh/year) of
energy sold to the grid per year (kWh/year). (Podder et al., 2018).
Economic Study
The objective of making an investment in a solar photovoltaic
installation is to consume less energy from the grid and use own
energy, so it is essential to know the profitability of the installation
and check that the investment will be profitable. The first thing to do
is to draw up a budget to know how much money has been allocated
to the installation and then a profitability study will be carried out
using the NPV (Net Present Value) and IRR (Internal Rate of Return)
methods.
Size and Cost Optimization
Immediately after selecting the component technology from the
HOMER software library, we must enter the electrical load into the
modeling tool. The primary load input is entered on the basis of 24-
hour data, and then the software models a peak load. It also
synthesizes the monthly load from a 24-hour data input.
This project describes a primary electrical load and its inputs. It groups
a weekend load and for August, January and the rest of the months
generated by HOMER after inserting the 24-hour load data represents
the daily variation of the primary load profile of the 18 residence
(houses) that are located in Recintos Zapallo Figure. 6 indicates the
primary load demand and shows that the load profile changes during
the day. The load is almost zero from midnight to 6:00 am. Load is
about to increase in demand from 6:00 to 9:00 o'clock. Around lunch
time, i.e. 12:00 to 14:00, there is a higher demand around dinner time,
however, the peak time is from 6:00 PM to 10:00PM midnight.
Contribution of Resources
The raw sunlight-based information input to the program is the usual
worldwide horizontal radiation measured in 10-minute time intervals
over the two years. On the information from sun-facing assets the
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139
range and longitude of this territory would also be used as
information, and another parameter was the time zone.
In the Zapallo area, where there are 18 residences (houses), it is
located at latitude: 0º29.6'N, longitude: 78º59.8'E, and time zone:
GMT +5:00. To obtain the energy generated by the photovoltaic
system powered by the sun, it is necessary to enter in the HOMER
program the estimated information about the solar resources in units
of Kwh/m2.
Size and Cost of Solar PV
The following panel was chosen. The reason for the choice after
considering different products in relation to the cost provided them
78 modules this product was chosen from the indicated company due
to its low cost. The VarioTrack family consists of 2 models of MPPT
solar charge controllers for systems with PV capacity from 1 to 75 kWp
(with 15 in parallel), PV input voltage up to 150 Vdc and 12, 24 or 48
V battery banks.
Main Product Features
Efficient: A VarioTrack charge controller uses a sophisticated
algorithm that ensures that the maximum available power from the PV
modules is supplied to the batteries.
Robust: The device meets the highest industry standards and, thanks
to its high degree of ingress protection (IP54), is particularly robust
and suitable for harsh environments. In addition, it is fully protected
against polarity reversal.
Flexible: The VarioTrack is designed to be used in all types of solar
systems, and the combination of VarioTrack + Xtender results in a
highly efficient system. Communication between the devices allows
synchronization of the battery charging cycle regardless of the
technology (lead-acid, lithium, nickel, etc.). Unlike other all-in-one
hybrid solutions, the VarioTrack + Xtender allows independent
selection of the appropriate solar PV and inverter-charger capacity,
resulting in a more finely tuned system design.
Features and Benefits
Technical-economic analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 1
140
Guarantees optimum energy production.
Follow-up efficiency: >99%.
Conversion efficiency: >99%.
4-step charger to extend battery life.
8 pre-defined battery charging curves as standard.
Free programming of the battery charge curve with the RCC-02/-03.
Low self-consumption: <1W in night mode.
Protection against incorrect wiring.
Reverse polarity protection.
Fully configurable.
IP54 enclosure.
Complete visualization, programming and data logging with the RCC-
02/-03.
Up to 15 VarioTracks in parallel on the same communication bus.
Communication sets with Xcom-LAN, Xcom-GSM, Xcom-SMS (opt.).
Compatible with all photovoltaic systems.
Optimal use in an Xtender system with synchronized battery
management.
Technical-economic analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 1
141
Table 4.
Photovoltaic Panel Size and Cost .
Power Converter Size and Cost
• A large generic free-standing converter is required to maintain
power flow between AC and DC power system components.
• The standard power of the converter must be equal to or
greater than the peak load, even if it is installed below the
peak capacity.
• The cost of operation and maintenance in this case is not
retained Converters of size 1,100,150,200,300 kw.
• The capital cost of the converter is taken as $300.
• The replacement cost is $300.
Table 6 shows the efficiency of the converter, which is 90%, and its
useful life of 15 years.
Table 5.
Power Converter Size and Cost .
DC-AC and AC-DC converters of 5.67 kW capacity are used in the
system. The average inverter output power is 1.58 kW, the capacity
factor is 27.9% and the maximum output power is 3.80 kW. A graph
showing the variation of the inverter and rectifier output power over
time is presented in Figure 16.
The optimization results are presented in a global and ranked form,
showing the most feasible and suitable power system structure for a
PV
size
(KW
)
Cost of
capital
($)
O&M cost
($ / year)
PV service
life
(year)
Considered Sizes
(kW)
68
800
250
25
0,100,200
Costs ($)
Useful
life
(years
)
Quantity
considered
(KW)
Capital
Replacement
O&M
300
200
50
15
50&100
Technical-economic analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 1
142
load and input constraints set by the modeler. The feasible solutions
are shown in ascending order of net present cost in descending order,
while the overall optimization results present all affordable system
combinations based on our NPC. The net present cost was the basis
for selecting the distribution systems. The low excess electricity
generation and high renewable fraction, are used to compare the
power generation schemes in order to test their technical feasibility.
The proposed system configuration. The HOMER results show that
the PV, grid and converter configuration, in which the PV array
capacity is 285 kilowatts and the converter capacity is 5.67 kilowatts
with a cyclic load strategy, is the most cost-effective. It has a total NPC
of $66,753 USD and a COE of 0.170 USD/kWh, with a renewable
energy integration of 27.7%. Not only is it less costly, but it also emits
less CO
@
(22,937 tons/year) into the atmosphere. The payback period
of the system is only 6.4 years, which is approximately 13.5 years of
pure revenue over the 25-year life of the system. As a result, it can be
considered the most reliable, cost-effective and environmentally
friendly system configuration.
The existing grid-only configuration has an NPC of $86,208 USD and
a COE of $0.220 USD/kWh (shown in Figures 13). From an economic
and environmental point of view, this system is less practical because
the overall NPC and COE are somewhat higher and because it emits
1144 tons of CO
@
per year with 0% renewables penetration. of CO
@
per
year with 0% renewable penetration.
The PV system produces considerably less surplus electricity than PV-
only systems.
The environmental analysis focuses primarily on carbon oxide (CO
@
)
related to the operation of power systems. Considering the respective
aspects together, the financial aspects stand out. Since the difference
between the systems is significant, while the impact or effect of the
environment is positive in all system configurations. Although the
photovoltaic-wind system is the most advantageous, from the point
of view of all these perspectives, such as economic, electrical and
emissions analysis.
Technical-economic analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 1
143
Electricity Production
The total electricity generation of the proposed grid-connected solar
PV system comes from both PV and grid, where the PV system and
the grid provide 28.7% and 71.3%, respectively, with no capacity
shortage and 38.3% surplus electricity. Figure 14 shows the average
monthly electricity generation of the grid-connected solar PV system.
The HOMER simulation software allows the environmental impact to
be analyzed by generating the amount of GHG (in kg/year) emitted
by the modeled system. In this study, the amount of GHG emitted by
the PV system was compared to determine which system was more
environmentally friendly.
The energy cost of the proposed system is $0.170 USD/kWh, its net
present cost is $66,753 USD and its initial capital cost is $3,859 USD.
With a renewable fraction of 27.7%, the system has a surplus
electricity of 343,401 kWh/year. The payback period for the 20-year
system lifetime is only 6.4 years. The proposed grid-connected solar
PV system also emits less greenhouse gases: CO_2 of 22,937 kg,
SO_2 of 99.4 kg and 2 kg of NOX to the atmosphere per year.
Conclusions
This paper presents the optimization and cost-benefit analysis
through HOMER Pro simulation of a grid-connected solar
photovoltaic system for 18 residences (houses) located in Recintos
Zapallo, San Mateo parish, Esmeraldas Province. The location chosen
for the study is a good option for the implementation of a grid-
connected solar system, since it receives significant solar radiation on
an annual basis of 5.34 Kwh/m2/year, with a daily energy demand of
6330 Kwh/m2/day.
The simulation and sensitivity results show that the system with a PV
capacity of 285 kW, a capacitive converter of 5.67 kW, a grid power
price of 0.220 USD/kWh, an average solar radiation of 4.65
Kwh/m2/year and a PV derating factor of 88% is the most
environmentally and economically viable system than the current grid-
Technical-economic analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 1
144
connected system.The analysis also shows that in almost all areas of
Recintos Zapallo there is a suitable candidate for the deployment of
one of the grid-connected solar PV systems, due to the favorable solar
radiation throughout the country.
This study also indicates that future use of the proposed system or
similar types would decrease pressure on the grid and increase
production from renewable sources, which would reduce the use of
fossil fuels and improve energy security by mitigating greenhouse gas
emissions. Although grid-connected solar PV systems have
considerable installation costs, they are very cost-effective and
environmentally friendly in the long term. With their increased
reliability and quality of service, grid-connected solar PV systems can
play an important role in the electrification of Zapallo Precincts, as well
as the rest of the world.
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Minda, W., Verma, M., Pablo Gabriel Campoverde Rosero, P. A. M.
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