Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
2024, Vol. 14, No. 2 e-ISSN: 1390-8146
Published by: Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres
How to cite this article (APA):
Cedeño, A., et. al (2024 Evaluation of the effect of three fixed-time
artificial insemination (FTI) protocols on reproductive parameters in milk-producing girolando cow,
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes, 14(2) 119-130
Evaluation of the effect of three fixed-time artificial insemination (FTI)
protocols on reproductive parameters in milk-producing girolando cow
Evaluación del efecto de tres protocolos inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo (iatf), sobre
parámetros reproductivos en vacas girolando productoras de leche
Ángel Fabricio Cedeño Boada
Msc. Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres de Esmeraldas; angel.cedeno@utelvt.edu.ec;
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2316-8319
Viviana Antonia Chávez Cedeño
Msc. Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres de Esmeraldas ; viviana.chavez@utelvt.edu.ec;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8033-8081
Maibelyn Betzabeth Murillo Bateoja
Msc. Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres de Esmeraldas: maibelyn.murillo@utelvt.edu.ec,
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8492-657X
Paul Andrez Marquez Tobar
Msc. Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres de Esmeraldas; paul.marquez@utelvt.edu.ec;
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8145-276X
Ramon Junior Moreira Obando
Msc. Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres de Esmeraldas; ramon.moreira.obando@utelvt.edu.ec;
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5338-0105
This study was framed within the research line of the Faculty of
Agricultural Sciences entitled: production, management and
sustainable development of agricultural, livestock and forestry
products with an ecosystem approach. In addition, it was aligned with
the sub-line of the Zootechnics degree course: local, regional and
national integrated livestock development and management. The
development of the research work entitled, evaluation of the effect of
3 fixed-time artificial insemination protocols (FTAI), on reproductive
parameters in girolando cows producing milk, was carried out at the
Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres, located in the parish of San
Mateo, Mutile, Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas province, in order to evaluate
Abstract
Received 2023-12-05
Revised 2024-02-11
Published 2024-05-01
Corresponding Author
Ángel Fabricio Cedeño Boada
angel.cedeno@utelvt.edu.ec;
Pages: 119-130
https://creativecommons.org/lice
nses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Distributed under
Copyright: © The Author(s)
Evaluation of the effect of three fixed-time artificial insemination (FTI) protocols on
reproductive parameters in milk-producing girolando cows.
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 2
120
the pregnancy rate per treatment, percentage of accumulated
pregnancy rate and service per conception per treatment. For the
experiment 12 girolando cows were chosen, between first and second
calving, all cows had a 30 days equal preparation management, with
a body condition (CC) of 3 to 4.5, then 3 groups of 4 cows each one
were formed, randomly distributed.
Key words:
Artificial insemination, Hormones.
Resumen
Este estudio se enmarcó dentro de la línea de investigación de la
facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias titulada: producción, manejo y
desarrollo sustentable de los productos agrícolas, pecuarios y
forestales con enfoque de ecosistema. Además, se alineó con la sub
línea de la carrera de Zootecnia: desarrollo y manejo pecuario integral
local, regional y nacional. El desarrollo del trabajo investigativo
titulado, evaluación del efecto de 3 protocolos inseminación artificial
a tiempo fijo (IATF), sobre parámetros reproductivos en vacas
girolando productoras de leche, se realizó en la Universidad Técnica
Luis Vargas Torres, ubicada en la parroquia San mateo, recinto mutile,
cantón Esmeraldas, provincia Esmeraldas, con la finalidad de evaluar
la taza de preñez por tratamiento, porcentaje de taza de preñez
acumulada y servicio por concepción por tratamiento. Para el
experimento se escogieron 12 vacas girolando, entre primer y
segundo parto, todas las vacas tuvieron un manejo de preparación
igual de 30 días, con una condición corporal (CC) de 3 a 4.5,
posteriormente se formaron 3 grupos de 4 vacas cada uno, distribuida
al azar.
Palabras clave:
Inseminación Artificial, Hormonas.
Evaluation of the effect of three fixed-time artificial insemination (FTI) protocols on
reproductive parameters in milk-producing girolando cows.
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 2
121
Introduction
Low reproductive efficiency, characterised by low fertility
percentages, is one of the biggest problems that can occur on a
livestock farm and is one of the biggest complications in the tropics,
negatively impacting production (Tipan, 2015).
South American countries are based on traditional production
systems, with no technology, no control and no records, and Ecuador
is no exception. This leads to deficient reproductive programmes. All
these problems can be overcome with artificial insemination (AI) using
synchronisation protocols that allow fixed-time insemination (FTI) to
be performed on a large number of cows simultaneously (Mendoza &
Vasquez, 2012).
In addition, the use of Artificial Insemination (AI) has the advantage of
incorporating genetics from superior animals that are adapted to the
conditions of the production system (Novoa, Preisseiger, Zangrilli, &
Callejas, 2013). Knowledge of the effect of various hormones on the
reproductive cycle of the cow has made it possible to manipulate and
synchronise it. Progestagens, prostaglandins or gonadotropin-
releasing hormones can be used to induce oestrus (Avaroma &
Cherigo, 2010).
The present research work evaluated three synchronisation protocols
for fixed-time artificial insemination, therefore, the rate of oestrus
induction was compared with the rate of oestrus induction in the first
three protocols (Avaroma & Cherigo, 2010).
Methodology
The experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
of the Technical University "Luis Vargas Torres" of Esmeraldas,
located at the Mutile Experimental Station, on the left bank of the
Esmeraldas River, in front of the town of San Mateo, via Mutile,
located at 0° 53' North longitude, 79° 53' West latitude, at an altitude
of 20 m above sea level, Canton and Province of Esmeraldas, Parish
of San Mateo, UTM 17 N 653452 - UTM 098964, Average
Evaluation of the effect of three fixed-time artificial insemination (FTI) protocols on
reproductive parameters in milk-producing girolando cows.
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 2
122
temperature 28 °C, Relative Humidity 85%, Topography slightly
undulating.
The research had a duration of 145 days divided into:
• 15 days of cow selection
• 30 days of cow preparation
• 10 days of synchronisation and IATF
• 60 days of waiting for pregnancy diagnosis by rectal palpation
• 30 days for archiving results and statistical analysis.
The present investigation had a sample of 12 dairy cows which were
divided into three groups of 4 for each of the treatments. The cows
had equal preparation management with similar body condition and
were between first and second calving. The experimental
arrangement corresponded to a completely randomised design (CRD)
with 3 treatments and 4 replicates per treatment.
The variables to be analysed were:
• Percentage of pregnancy rate per treatment.
• Percentage of cumulative pregnancy rate.
• Percentage of service per conception for all treatments.
A gynaecological check-up was carried out, animal identification
(earring, brand, deworming with ivervectin at 1%, vitamin with
catosoal b12, ad3, minerals pecutrin and ganasal, 400 g/day for 15
days.
Table 1.
Scheme of the distribution of the treatments.
Tratamientos
Protocolo
# de animales
por
tratamiento
Día 0
Día 8
T1
DIB+BE
(2ml)
PGF²α (2ml) + eCG
(2ml) + CPE (1ml).
4
T2
DIB+BE
(2ml)
PGF²α (2ml) + eCG
(2ml) + CPE (1ml).
4
T3
DIB+BE
(2ml)
Retiro DIB
4
Source: Own elaboration.
Evaluation of the effect of three fixed-time artificial insemination (FTI) protocols on
reproductive parameters in milk-producing girolando cows.
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 2
123
DIB: bovine intravaginal device; BE: oestradiol benzoate; PGF²α:
prostaglandin; eCG: equine chorionic gonadotropin; CPE: oestradiol
cypionate; FTAI: fixed-time artificial insemination.
The materials used in the experiment were 12 cows, 12 straws and the
hormones to be used in the ovulation induction methods. The
presentations of the hormones were (GnRH), (PGF²α), (BE), (eCG),
(DIV), and (cypionate estradiol).
This was the initial phase of the research in relation to field work, and
consisted of a selection focused on body condition, followed by a
gynaecological check-up to examine the reproductive state, the
uterus and the size of the ovaries. This selection was carried out in
order to choose the most suitable animals for this research.
The preparation phase of the cows was the same for all three groups
and included the following:
• Deworming with Ivermectin 1%.
• Intramuscular application of a dose of livanal (iodine).
• They received a daily mineral concentrate (pecutrin and ganasal).
• All cows were subjected to the same feeding and management.
Experimental phase.
In this phase the application of the hormone group for the three
methods of ovulation synchronisation was carried out.
The hormones were applied intramuscularly in the morning hours with
due immobilisation of the animal so as not to cause problems for the
operator.
Insemination in the three methods was carried out with semen of the
Girolando breed and was performed by the same technician.
Results
Percentage pregnancy rate by treatments.
The results of percentage pregnancy rate before IATF of the groups
was determined by:
Evaluation of the effect of three fixed-time artificial insemination (FTI) protocols on
reproductive parameters in milk-producing girolando cows.
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 2
124
- Transrectal palpation with ultrasound at 60 days after IATF.
With the method used in this synchronisation, pregnancy was
achieved by means of Artificial Insemination in treatment (1), 3 out of
4 cows were pregnant, these results express a 75%. With treatment
(2), 1 out of 4 cows became pregnant, these results show a 25%.
Treatment (3) did not get pregnant, resulting in 0%.
Table 2.
Percentage of pregnancy rate by treatments.
TRATAMIENTOS
# VACAS POR
TRATAMIENTOS
TOTAL
PREÑADAS
TOTAL
VACÍAS
% DE
RESULTADO
T1
4
3
1
75%
T2
4
1
3
25%
T3
4
0
0
0%
TOTAL, % PREÑEZ
4
4
33.33%
Source: Own elaboration.
According to Butler (1995), in spite of technological advances in
semen management and artificial insemination, the percentage of
pregnancy in lactating cows has decreased to 30-50% at first service.
However, analysing fertility by categories, it has been shown that
virgin heifers have 65-80% of pregnancies at first service, likewise first
calving cows and those of several calvings present average values of
51 and 38% respectively, of pregnancy at first service.
While in this project we obtained a result of 33.33% where we could
say there is no difference in the percentage of gestation, we agree
with the opinion of Butler (1995), in the first service.
However, numerically, the best result for pregnancy percentage was
obtained in T1 with a value of 75%. These results are superior to the
data obtained by BO & Baruselli (2006), which indicate that with the
insertion of progesterone releasing devices (PRID) in cows there are
gestation rates between 35 and 55%.
Evaluation of the effect of three fixed-time artificial insemination (FTI) protocols on
reproductive parameters in milk-producing girolando cows.
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 2
125
Analysed the results obtained in pregnancy presentation with T1, in
their first service of 75% and in the second service (25%) where it is
visualized a difference much to what was found by Cutia et al, (S.F)
who obtained between 50 and 55% of pregnancy in cows.
To determine the Cumulative Pregnancy Percentage (AP), it is
necessary to recognise the total number of pregnancies, it can be
calculated by relating the total number of cows pregnant with AI plus
the overhaul, divided by the total number of cows treated multiplied
by one hundred (Hincapié et al. 2008).
The result for the treatments with the protocol used is 41.66 % (12
cows).
Table 3.
Percentage of cumulative pregnancy rate.
Source: Own elaboration.
Lumbi and Vargas (2014) in their research evaluated three oestrus
synchronisation methods (DIB, Prostaglandin + Progesterone +
Benzoate oestradiol + Gonadotropin) where for treatment 2
(DIB+BE+PGF2α+ECG +CE), with an accumulated pregnancy of 60%,
while in this research we obtained an accumulated pregnancy result
of 41.66%, lower than that presented by the aforementioned author.
In this study we obtained an average number of services per
conception of 1.66 in cows, respectively. These results show how
many services were used on average in the cows.
Tratamientos
N°. Vacas/
tratamientos
1.servicio
Gestantes
2. servicio
Gestantes
Total,
gestantes
T1
4
3
0
3
T2
4
1
1
2
T3
4
0
0
0
Total, de % preñez
75%
25%
5
Preñez acumulada
41.66%
Evaluation of the effect of three fixed-time artificial insemination (FTI) protocols on
reproductive parameters in milk-producing girolando cows.
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 2
126
Table 4.
Service per conception of treatments.
TRATAMIENTOS
1 SERVICIO
2 SERVICIO
TOTAL,
PAJUELA
Pajuela
Utilizada
Vacas
Gestantes
Pajuela
utilizada
Vacas
Gestantes
T1 (4)
4
3
1
0
5
T2 (4)
4
1
3
1
7
T3 (4)
4
0
4
0
8
TOTAL
12
4
8
1
20
PORCENTAJE DE PAJUELA POR ANIMAL
1.66
Source: Own elaboration.
The studies carried out by Flores (2005), using PGF2α in acyclic cows,
obtained values of 6.75 (S/CT); Madero (2000), working with five zebu
breeds and using the same protocol, obtained 2.41 services per
pregnant cow. In this research, 1.66 (S/CT) was obtained in cows with
hormones and it can be attributed to these results that factors related
to feeding, temperature, semen handling factors and optimal heat
detection can lead to lower S/CT percentages.
Conclusions
The investigators of the present research work express the following
conclusions:
There were no differences in the rate of animals with oestrus
manifestation in the evaluated treatments, 100% of the treated cows
showed oestrus. The combination of injectable hormone and device
is a more effective alternative for artificial insemination. On the other
hand, the pregnancy percentage was not affected by the type of
implant nor by the type of service; however, the final percentages
obtained suggest that this technique can be an optimal tool to
improve reproduction, production and productivity of cattle farms in
Ecuador.
Evaluation of the effect of three fixed-time artificial insemination (FTI) protocols on
reproductive parameters in milk-producing girolando cows.
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 2
127
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