Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes

2024, Vol. 14, No. 3 e-ISSN: 1390-8146

Published by: Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres

How to cite this article (APA

): Reyes, G., Rodríguez, E., Torres, E. (2024) Evaluation of polyurethane

coating performance under various atmospheric conditions, Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria

Investigación y Saberes, 14(3) 110-132

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various

atmospheric conditions

Evaluación del desempeño del revestimiento de poliuretano bajo variadas Condiciones

Atmosféricas

Guillermo Gorky Reyes Campaña

Master's Degree in Automotive Systems, Universidad Internacional de Ecuador

gureyesca@uide.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6630-0848

Edison Andrés Rodríguez Sánchez

Student International University of Ecuador

edrodriguezsa@uide.edu, https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8268-7624

Edison Mauricio Torres Orellana

Student International University of Ecuador

edtorresor@uide.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9057-5308

A thorough wear analysis was carried out on four variants of

polyurethane-based paint, each with different compositions. The

central objective was to determine the magnitude of wear of each

type, considering the influence of various environmental factors,

which were evaluated under atmospheric conditions at altitudes of 0

m.a.s.l. and 2800 m.a.s.l. To achieve this purpose, accelerated

laboratory tests were implemented to replicate adverse conditions for

the coating. In addition, outdoor tests were carried out, considering

different atmospheric conditions. Both types of tests were conducted

in accordance with ASTM guidelines, thus ensuring an optimal quality

standard for the results obtained. The results revealed the marked

influence of UV rays on coating wear, as well as variations in color and

gloss loss over the course of different tests and atmospheric

conditions. Significantly, it was observed that outdoor tests generated

more pronounced wear due to factors such as light, temperature,

humidity and contamination, compared to simulated laboratory tests.

In particular, it was noted that silica-protected paints exhibited less

Abstract

Received 2024-04-12

Revised 2024-05-22

Published 2024-08-01

Corresponding Author

Guillermo Gorky Reyes Campaña

gureyesca@uide.edu.ec

Pages: 110-132

https://creativecommons.org/lice

nses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

Distributed under

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

111

loss in both gloss and color under both normal and simulated

conditions. This finding supports the conclusion that this compound

can indeed extend the life of the paint.

Keywords:

Wear, Coating, testing, atmospheric conditions.

Resumen

Se llevó a cabo un minucioso análisis del desgaste en cuatro variantes

de pintura a base de poliuretano, cada una con composiciones

distintas. El objetivo central fue determinar la magnitud del desgaste

de cada tipo, considerando la influencia de diversos factores

ambientales, los cuales fueron evaluados en condiciones atmosféricas

a altitudes de 0 m.s.n.m. y 2800 m.s.n.m. Para alcanzar este propósito,

se implementaron ensayos acelerados en laboratorio que replicaron

condiciones adversas para el revestimiento. Además, se realizaron

pruebas a la intemperie, considerando diversas condiciones

atmosféricas. Ambos tipos de ensayos se rigieron por las pautas de la

normativa ASTM, asegurando así un estándar óptimo de calidad en

los resultados obtenidos. Los resultados revelaron la marcada

influencia de los rayos UV en el desgaste del revestimiento, así como

las variaciones en la pérdida de color y brillo a lo largo de distintas

pruebas y condiciones atmosféricas. De manera significativa, se

observó que las pruebas a la intemperie generaron un desgaste más

pronunciado debido a factores como la luz, temperatura, humedad y

contaminación, en comparación con las pruebas simuladas en

laboratorio. En particular, se destacó que las pinturas con protección

de sílice exhibieron una menor pérdida tanto en el brillo como en el

color, tanto en condiciones normales como en las simuladas. Este

hallazgo sustenta la conclusión de que este compuesto puede

efectivamente prolongar la vida útil de la pintura.

Palabras clave:

Desgaste, Revestimiento, ensayos, condiciones

atmosféricas.

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

112

Introduction

In view of the importance of corrosion protection on metal surfaces,

the need arises to understand how polyurethane-based automotive

paint coatings under different atmospheric conditions affect the

physical-chemical properties. The proposed comparative analysis

between atmospheric conditions at 2800 meters above sea level and

sea level conditions is intended to provide a comprehensive view of

the physical and chemical variations experienced by automotive paint

coatings at different altitudes, since understanding these differences

will optimize the design and selection of coatings to suit specific

environments and ensure effective protection against corrosion, UV,

altitude, humidity. In addition, this comparative analysis will also

contribute to existing scientific knowledge by providing relevant

information for the optimization of painting processes and the

development of new, more resistant and durable automotive paint

formulations.

The main objective of this research is to carry out a physicochemical

analysis of polyurethane-based automotive paint applied on steel

surfaces in two contrasting atmospheric conditions: at 2800 meters

altitude and at sea level. Through this study, I analyze how altitude

influences the properties of polyurethane coatings, including their

abrasion resistance, adhesion, impact resistance, corrosion resistance,

color stability and paint film degradation.

In the introductory chapter of the book Polymer-Based Nanoscale

Materials for Surface Coatings, the topic of polymer coatings and their

importance in modifying surface properties to meet the requirements

of various technological applications is discussed. These coatings

have been shown to improve adhesion, scratch resistance, solvent

resistance, among other characteristics. However, there is still a lack

of research and optimization of polymer selection, coating processes

and manufacturing conditions to obtain high-performance coatings.

This means that it is essential to deepen these aspects in order to

achieve significant advances in the manufacture of polymer coatings

used in various industries. (Sayan Ganguly, 2023)

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

113

Two similar articles on corrosion protection and development of

durable coatings have aroused great interest, mentioning that

graphene-based coatings offer advantages in terms of corrosion

resistance and improved properties, but there are still challenges to

be solved. Research to better understand the durability of these

coatings and explore their application in various industries is of vital

importance. The combination of graphene's unique properties opens

up opportunities for the development of high-performance

multifunctional devices. What this means is that more research is

needed to solve the challenges and harness the full potential of these

coatings in various applications. (Sachin Sharma Ashok Kumar, 2022)

(Geetisubhra Jena, 2022)

Progress in Polymer Science provides an overview of the paints and

coatings industry, its infrastructure and the drivers of change in the

industry. Different technological solutions are discussed and areas of

development in high solids, waterborne, UV curable and powder

coatings are described. In addition, resins commonly used in paint

and coating formulations are examined. However, there is still much

to be studied regarding the structure and reactivity of these resins.

Which means that, in order to solve the foundation of the problem, a

deeper understanding of the preparation, performance and curing

reactions of resins used in paints and coatings is required. (Weiss,

1997). While the research conducted in Progress in Organic Coatings

book focuses on the effect of silicate nanolayers in a polyurethane-

based automotive clear topcoat. A partially intercalated structure was

observed in the polymer matrix due to the dispersion of the

nanolayers. Tests were conducted to evaluate the turbidity,

reflectance spectra, and scratch and damage resistance of the nano-

filled clear coat. A significant improvement in the strength and gloss

of the nanofilled layer was found. Further tests were carried out to

determine the optimum nanofiller/polymer ratio. This means that,

despite the positive results obtained, other aspects such as adhesion,

impact and flexure still need to be studied to gain a more complete

understanding of the properties of the nanofilled coating. (Behdad

Ahmadi, 2007)

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

114

A study conducted by the Universidad Internacional del Ecuador

shows that, in the Ecuadorian market, automotive paint has

undergone numerous upgrades to reduce its environmental impact.

However, there are challenges related to regulatory compliance, lack

of knowledge among untrained personnel, and the choice between

water-based and solvent-based paint. This study focuses on

evaluating the performance and durability of different brands of

automotive paint, considering technical regulations and the needs of

users and companies. Meanwhile, the Universidad Estatal del Sur de

Manabí shows that automotive paint shops in Jipijapa represent an

environmental problem when paint waste is improperly disposed of.

The number of workshops was determined and the impacts on human

health and the environment were evaluated. It is concluded that

automotive paint shops do not cause serious pollution, but more

research is needed to adequately address the environmental impact

and health nuisance to people. This means that more research is

needed on aspects such as the development of more sustainable

technologies and the establishment of effective regulations for the

use and disposal of automotive paints. In addition, adequate training

of personnel involved in the application of paints and the promotion

of environmental awareness among users and shop owners should be

encouraged. These actions will contribute to mitigate negative

impacts and ensure a more sustainable future for the automotive paint

industry. (Auter Cuenca, 2020) (Chasing Guagua, 2011)

Paints, varnishes and dyes have been used throughout time to

beautify buildings, components, vehicles and others. Likewise colors

can generate a chemical process in us, in this way it can be considered

that colors affect our perception of space, depth and height, that is

why they have been used from the cultural point of view for a visual

communication, but also throughout history paint has also been used

to protect the material under it. (Berge, Butters, & Henley, 2009)

"A coating or liquid paint is a heterogeneous mixture of products that

once applied and dried becomes a continuous film without stickiness

and with the characteristics for which it was conceived." (Calvo, 2011,

p. 3)

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

115

Generally the paint is composed of four ingredients, but they can also

be found with fewer materials and with different proportions of these

depending on their manufacture and purpose. Among the ingredients

you can find:

Table 1.

Characteristics of the ingredients and their presence in the

different paints.

Ingredients

Feature

Mate

Brilliant

Resin or binder

Forms the film and allows the

particles to hold together once

the paint is dry.

15-20%

35-45%

Solvents

They are able to dissolve the

binder and allow the formulation

of an optimum viscosity for the

paint to be manufactured (not

essential).

50-60%

20%

Pigments

Substances in the form of fine

particles that have the function

of giving color to the paint.

15-20%

25-35%

Additives

They are used to modify the

properties of the paint both for

storage and when applied to a

surface.

1-5%

Source. (Ponce Moreno, 2007)

The following table shows the different resistance based on the

isocyanate content, a compound found in the resin. Where it will be

evaluated on a scale of 1-5, being 1 a poor resistance and 5 an

excellent resistance.

Polyurethane

This polymer is a two-component paint obtained by condensation of

hydroxyl bases combined with isocyanates.

"The base can be a polyester and the catalyst a poly - isocyanate.

Once mixed, these components react to form a polymer that results

in a film that conjugates aesthetic, physical and chemical

characteristics different from other air-drying coatings." (Guerra

Carvallo, 2014, p. 196).

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

116

Silicates

For the paint industry it is important to have a coating that is durable

and above all that resists weathering, which is why silicates have been

implemented in paints to increase their hardness and resistance to

weathering.

These silicas are used when the life of the paint is to be prolonged by

approximately 20 years, since this is the estimated time of protection

it provides. (Calvo, 2011)

Atmospheric degradation of polyurethane-based paints

Within the polyurethane-based automotive paint, different failures

can occur, such as poor application, poor coating selection, a

defective product or simple exposure to the environment.

In general, among the conditioning factors of the life of the paint we

have humidity, temperature, radiation and pollution, which when

presented continuously in the paint come to degrade it progressively.

These factors vary depending on the region and country where it is

located, especially in a country like Ecuador where there are four

regions (coast, highlands, east and island) and in a matter of minutes

it is possible to change region. (Simancas & Morcillo, 1998)

Color represents a visual perception that occurs in the brain to obtain

information from the photoreceptors found in the eye. In this way

each individual interprets the different wavelengths in the spectrum

of visible light. It should be emphasized that these processes are

influenced by the individual, the light and the brightness to perceive

color. To differentiate the color can be done through the spaces

between these changing the perception of this. This requires a

chromatic coordinate.

First it will be given by L which is called "neutral gray axis" since it has

extremes of white (L=100) and black (L=0), this will show us the

brightness of the color where a lower value will be darker and

intermediate values will give us gray tones. Then there is a which is

the chromatic coordinate in red-green, where its negative value will

affect the green standard and a positive value will affect the red

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

117

standard. Finally, there is the yellow-blue chromatic axis given by b

which, like a, a negative value will indicate a deviation in the blue

standard while a positive value will indicate a deviation towards

yellow. (Datacolor)

Several instruments can be used for measurement, the most

important of which are the glossmeter and the spectrophotometer.

Glossmeter: These are instruments that measure the gloss of a

coating, i.e. the ability of the coating to reflect light. This device works

with the angles, in this way it can detect the change of brightness in

the paint.

Spectrophotometer: These instruments are currently used to

determine color differences and this is due to their high accuracy. It

works by emitting a radiant energy through a certain length, this

passes through a reference target and by receiving the radiant energy

from both the coating and the sample target can compare them and

issue an appropriate result.

Methodology

In order to achieve the objectives established in this research, several

analytical methods and techniques were implemented. As a first step,

an analytical approach was employed, performing controlled tests on

paint samples exposed to both atmospheric conditions, and their

physical and chemical properties were measured and compared. For

this purpose, a comprehensive analysis and comparison of the

physical and chemical properties of polyurethane-based automotive

paint was carried out in two different atmospheric conditions: at an

altitude of 2800 meters above sea level and at sea level.

Secondly, the analysis was carried out using a laboratory method,

making direct measurements and observations of atmospheric

conditions at both altitudes using appropriate instruments and

equipment. Atmospheric conditions at 2800 meters altitude and at

sea level were characterized in detail. Key factors such as atmospheric

pressure, temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation were

considered.

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

118

Subsequently, the tests were carried out using an experimental

approach, performing specific tests on the paint samples exposed to

different atmospheric conditions, with the objective of evaluating

their performance and durability. Physical analyses were performed

on the polyurethane-based automotive paint samples exposed to

different laboratory tests. This included adhesion tests, corrosion

resistance, scratch resistance and changes in optical properties.

Finally, this analysis was carried out using quantitative and qualitative

methods, making use of analytical techniques such as spectroscopy,

chromatography and microscopy. A chemical comparison of the

polyurethane-based automotive paint samples exposed to the

different laboratory tests was carried out. In this way, the chemical

components present in the paint samples were identified and

quantified, possible contaminants were detected and any molecular

degradation that might have occurred was evaluated.

For the following work two types of paint will be used, standard

yellow, which will be called (PAE) and lemon yellow, which will be

called (PAL) from the manufacturer Nubiola, each of these paints will

be used without surface modification and with surface modification

which will be the silica coating, so we will call the standard yellow

paint with silica (PAES), while the lemon yellow paint with silicon

(PALS). In this way we will obtain results of the paint in normal

condition and with the use of additional protections, to know how

useful these improvements are.

The material to which the coating will be applied will be a steel plate,

since these alloys are the most commonly used in car bodies.

Therefore, four of these plates with dimensions based on the ASTM

G92-86 standard will be needed to apply the two shades of yellow

together with the two shades with surface modification.

In the accelerated tests of the xenon chamber, specimens of 100x50

mm will be used due to the size of the specimen holder of this

equipment.

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

119

Table 4

. Materials present in automobiles

Material

Presence in the vehicle (%)

Steel

34%

Plastic

Magnesium

Aluminum

Own elaboration

For this research, ASTM (American Society for testing and materials)

standards will be used, which are a set of principles developed by

consensus with the aim of providing a standard of quality and

competitiveness of different products in different fields, such as

metallurgy, petroleum, textiles, paints and plastics.

This research will be based on the regulations applied to the different

methods to evaluate wear in different areas of paint, as well as the

standards for the application of the different degradation equipment

to be used for paint testing. In this way, the results obtained will be

of quality and will be sustained on pre-established bases.

Table 5.

ASTM standards used in the investigation

Regulations

Name

Description

ASTM G92-86

Standard Practice

for

Characterization of

Atmospheric Test

Sites

This practice provides

suggested procedures

for the characterization

of atmospheric test sites,

including the

dimensions of the

material to be used.

ASTM D523-08

Standard Test

Method for

Specular Gloss

It is a measurement of

brightness obtained by

comparing the specular

reflectance of the

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

120

sample with that of a

black glass standard.

ASTM E1164-09

Standard Practice

for Obtaining

Spectrometric Data

for Object-Color

Evaluation

This practice provides

procedures for selecting

the operating

parameters of the

spectrometers used to

provide data of the

desired accuracy. It also

provides for the

calibration of

instruments by means of

material standards.

ASTM G7-05

Standard Practice

for Atmospheric

Environmental

Exposure Testing

of Nonmetallic

Materials

This practice gives

procedures to follow for

direct exposure of non-

metallic materials to the

environment.

ASTM G85-19

Standard Practice

for Modified Salt

Spray (Fog) Testing

It is applicable to ferrous

and non-ferrous

materials, as well as

organic and inorganic

coatings. Establishing

and covering conditions

for salt spray testing.

ASTM D6695-08

Standard Practice

for Xenon-Arc

Exposures of Paint

and Related

Coatings

This practice is intended

to induce changes in

properties associated

with end-use conditions,

including the effects of

sunlight, moisture and

heat. The exposure used

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

121

in this practice is not

intended to simulate

deterioration caused by

localized weathering

events, such as

atmospheric

contamination,

biological attack and

exposure to salt water.

Source (ASTM, 2023) Own elaboration

In compliance with the ASTM G92-86 standard, the plate must be 100

mm wide and 150 mm long. Therefore, four plates with the respective

dimensions will be used, which will be labeled with their respective

identifications according to the standard.

Figure 3.

Example of atmospheric sample

Source (ASTM, 2010)

Measuring equipment

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

122

The measurement will be performed with different measuring

equipment such as those explained in the theoretical framework

section, which are the glossmeter and the colorimeter, these together

with the help of ASTM standards, will provide us with the appropriate

values to obtain the desired results in the research and to be able to

compare them later.

Wear test equipment

For the coating wear tests we will use the Q-FOG salt fog chamber,

model CCT-600 with a prohesion cycle where the specimen with the

coating will be exposed for 348 hours and the Q-Sun xenon arc

chamber model Xe-1-S with ASTM cycle with daylight filter and a

340nm UV sensor with an exposure time of 190 hours. It should be

noted that in both tests a specific ASTM standard will be used for each

piece of equipment.

Table 6.

Saline chamber specifications

Saline chamber

Brand

Q-FOG

Model

CCT-600

Cycle

Prohesion

Humidity

100%

Chamber volume

640 liters

Test panels

75 mm × 15 mm

Source (Q-LAB, 2023)Own elaboration

Table 7.

Xenon arc chamber specifications

Xenon arc chamber

Brand

Q-Sun

Model

Xe-1

Cycle

ASTM

Irradiation control

340 nm

Test panels

51 mm x 102 mm

Temperature

35 - 103 C

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

123

Source (Q-LAB, 2023)Own elaboration

Results

As a first stage, the analysis will be carried out through specific

regulations to evaluate the wear of automotive paint, highlighting

crucial aspects such as gloss, color and luminosity that face factors

such as solar radiation, humidity, changes in altitude and other

environmental elements. These tests represent a study of the

physicochemical properties of polyurethane-based coatings applied

in contrasting atmospheric environments at 2800 meters above sea

level and at sea level, allowing a systematic comparison of the results

obtained at different altitudes.

To carry out the gloss tests, as well as the color and accelerated tests,

four paints were used, two of which are standard and the other two

are of the same shade as the previous ones, but with a silicate coating.

The paints used were: Standard yellow paint (PAE), Standard yellow

paint with silicate (PAES), Lemon yellow paint (PAL), Lemon yellow

paint with silicate (PALS).

Table 8 indicates the loss of gloss as a percentage. Both

measurements are made after three months of exposure of the

specimens to the different climatic factors, in the different regions at

0 and 2800 m.a.s.l. respectively.

Table 8.

Amount of gloss lost as a percentage (%)

Brightness (%)

0 m.a.s.l.

2800 meters above sea

level.

PAE

3.1

PAES

5.5

2.5

PAL

7.5

3.5

PALS

9.4

4.5

Source. Own elaboration

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

124

Based on the analysis of results at 2800 m.a.s.l. there is no loss of

more than 5% while at sea level the value exceeds 5% but does not

exceed 10%. This means that the closer you are to the sea, the greater

the loss of brightness, due to the presence of different factors such as

humidity, heat, salt, as well as greater exposure to UV rays.

Color wear under normal conditions

Table 9 shows the values obtained in the color measurement on the

L axis, which represents the darkening of the coating at the fourth

month of testing. On the other hand, it is also possible to observe the

loss of color in the b coordinate, which represents the yellow-blue hue

in the different atmospheric conditions. Both coordinates are

measured both at sea level and at 2800 meters.

Table 9.

DL coordinate (brightness) and Db coordinate (yellow-blue)

after 4 months of exposure in the different paint samples.

COORDINATE

0 m.a.s.l.

2800 meters

above sea

level.

0 m.a.s.l.

2800 meters

above sea

level.

PAE

5.17

9.7

9.29

PAES

2.7

3.38

5.4

6.30

PAL

4.2

4.31

7.5

7.81

PALS

2.7

2.68

5.1

4.62

Source. Own elaboration

In the analysis of the results, the loss of luminosity in conditions of

higher altitude exceeds those of lower altitude, except for the lemon

yellow paint with silicate (PALS), where it presents a similar loss with a

difference of 0.02 units within the coordinate.

In the case of coordinate b, paints without silicate protection have a

greater loss of color at 0 m.a.s.l. than at 2800 m.a.s.l. However, paints

with silicate protection show a greater loss of color at high altitudes,

while at low altitude conditions, they lose less color.

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

125

It can be determined that in the cities of the coastal region, the paint

becomes more opaque, but a silicate coating in lighter colors can help

to maintain the luminosity in these paintings, keeping them at a similar

level to that of the cities of the high altitude. On the other hand, the

silicate can help to maintain the color at low altitudes where it

presents values similar or lower than those of 2800 m.a.s.l. while the

paintings without coating do not present much difference in the color

variation having a variation between 0.3 - 0.5 units, indicating that the

greater degradation is given in the luminosity and not in the tone of

the color.

Color wear in accelerated tests

Saline chamber

As shown in Table 10, both the results at sea level and at 2800 m.a.s.l.

are negligible, since the wear produced with this equipment is very

low and no significant difference can be appreciated, this is because

the camera does not simulate solar radiation (UV), which is one of the

main factors that generate wear to the paint.

Table 10.

DL coordinate (luminosity) and Db coordinate (yellow-blue)

after 348 hours of exposure in the saline chamber.

COORDINATE

0 m.a.s.l.

2800 meters

above sea

level.

0 m.a.s.l.

2800 meters

above sea

level.

PAE

0.64

0.6

1.98

1.45

PAES

0.15

0.04

1.08

PAL

0.35

0.95

1.21

1.03

PALS

0.45

0.11

0.2

0.08

Source. Own elaboration

Xenon arc chamber

Table 11 shows the loss of luminance (DL) and color in the yellow-blue

coordinate (Db) respectively, when exposing the paint to the Xenon

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

126

Arc Chamber under ASTM D6695-03b, for about 200 hours at the

different heights.

Table 11

.DL coordinate (brightness) and Db coordinate (yellow-blue)

after exposure to Xenon arc to the different paint samples.

COORDINATE

0 m.a.s.l.

2800 meters

above sea

level.

0 m.a.s.l.

2800 meters

above sea

level.

PAE

3.0

1.78

5.9

3.96

PAES

2.7

2.09

5.4

4.14

PAL

2.4

2.26

4.6

4.33

PALS

1.2

1.58

2.3

3.05

Source. Own elaboration

In the analysis of the results it can be seen that there is a greater loss

of luminosity and yellow color at sea level with respect to accelerated

tests, with the exception of the lemon yellow paint with silicate (PALS)

which shows less loss at sea level both in the b-coordinate and in the

L-coordinate. This shows that the environmental factors of cities near

the sea wear the paint more, except for the PALS sample, where it can

be seen that the silicate coating is not affected by these external

factors and rather gains durability in these climatic conditions,

becoming more effective at 0 m.a.s.l. than at 2800 m.a.s.l.

Once the key components of the system have been dimensioned in

PVsyst (Figure 8) and the self-consumption needs for the building load

have been established (Figure 9), the PV system performance

simulation is run in PVsyst. The result of the simulation is the "PVsyst

- Simulation Report" (Figures 10 and 11) which indicates various

details related to the performance of the assisted PV system.

Among the information presented on page 5 of the PVsyst simulation

report (Figure 11), it is possible to identify that the annual

consumption of the load is 225044 kWh. Additionally, it can be

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

127

observed that the PVsyst system contributes 36973 kWh to the load,

while the grid provides the remaining energy, i.e. 188071 kWh. This

means that, once the assisted PV system is implemented, about 20 %

of the total energy to power the load will come from the solar panels

throughout the year. Logically, this would represent a 20% reduction

in energy consumption from the grid. This fact means that an

economic saving of the same percentage (20%) would be expected in

the monthly energy consumption bills of this building once the

assisted photovoltaic system is implemented.

Finally, Table 9 shows an approximate budget for the materials, main

equipment and services required to build the assisted photovoltaic

system that we have studied in this article.

Figure 1.

Entry of self-consumption parameters in PVsyst.

Note. Taken from (Cagua, 2023).

Demand of Block 5- FACI: 25692W

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

128

Figure 2.

PVsyst simulation report (page 1).

Note. Taken from (Cagua, 2023).

Figure 3.

Production of the assisted photovoltaic system.

Note. Taken from (Cagua, 2023).

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

129

Table 1.

Approximate budget of the assisted photovoltaic system for

Block 5 - FACI.

Assisted Photovoltaic System Budget

No.

Description

Quantity

Unit

Unit Cost

Total Value

330 Wp photovoltaic

module.

Manufacturer:

Panasonic. Model:

VBHN-330-SJ47

$320,00

$23.040,00

Inverter 25 kW.

Manufacturer:

Fronius International.

Model: ECO 25.0-3-S

$3.500,00

Structure

$1.800,00

Grounding rod.

$16,00

General switch.

$35,00

Differential switch of

30 mA sensitivity.

$12,00

gPV fuses.

$8,00

$64,00

Photovoltaic Cable.

300 meters.

$1.062,00

MC4 connectors.

150

$7,14

$1.071,00

SPD (varistors).

$35,12

$175,60

Labor.

$2.000,00

Total Power (W)

$32.775,60

Note. Taken from (Cagua, 2023)

Conclusions

The use of specialized tools such as PVsyst has made it possible to

predict the performance of an assisted photovoltaic system designed

for FACI's Block 5 building. Through the use of this software it has

been possible to select the essential components of this type of

photovoltaic system, such as the photovoltaic modules and the

inverter. The results obtained in the PVsyst simulation report support

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

130

the design decisions and ensure the efficiency of the proposed

system.

On the other hand, meteorological and geolocation information has

been used in this study, and at the same time information has been

gathered through visual inspections of the installation site, in order to

evaluate whether the conditions are favorable to support the

implementation of the project in a technical manner.

In addition, the detailed study of the installed load in the "Block 5"

building has revealed crucial information to determine the energy

demand. This step has been essential to properly size the PV-assisted

system, ensuring that it can meet the needs efficiently. Effective

planning has been made possible by understanding consumption

patterns and projecting solar power generation. A detailed budget

has also been prepared considering the costs associated with

equipment acquisition and installation.

To conclude, the results of this work have supported the feasibility of

implementing an assisted photovoltaic system in Block 5. The

detailed identification of the technical specifications of the main

components, the accurate identification of the load and the

presentation of a detailed budget form a comprehensive framework

for the successful implementation of the project.

This work lays the groundwork for the transition to a more sustainable

energy source in Block 5, and also suggests that the adoption of solar

energy will not only be beneficial from an environmental standpoint,

but may also have a positive impact on long-term cost reduction.

Reference

Baselga-Carreras, M. (2019). Classification of solar photovoltaic

installations and their components (ISF). Editorial Editex.

https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=lpmeDwAAQBAJ

Cagua, J. P. (2023). Dimensioning of a Photovoltaic System in Block 5

of the FACI at the UTLVT-E Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas

Torres de Esmeraldas].

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

131

Castejón, A., & Herranz, G. (2010). Solar Photovoltaic Installations.

Editorial Editex.

https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=GHCucQAACAAJ

Cevallos-Sierra, J., & Ramos-Martin, J. (2018). Spatial assessment of

the potential of renewable energy: The case of Ecuador.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 1154-1165.

https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.015.

https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.015

Díaz-Santos, R., Santos-Fuentefría, A., & Castro-Fernández, M. (2017).

Influence of the Tilt Angle of Solar Modules on the Electricity

Generation of a Photovoltaic Power Plant VII International

Conference Science and Technology for a Sustainable

Development.,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317949936_Influenc

ia_del_angulo_de_inclinacion_de_los_modulos_solares_en_la_

generacion_de_electricidad_de_una_central_fotovoltaica

Fernández, L. L., & Fernández, B. L. (2022). Electrical Design of an On

Grid Photovoltaic System for the Complex of Awareness and

Care of the Sea, Yubarta Universidad Politécnica Salesiana Sede

Guayaquil].

Good, J., & Johnson, J. X. (2016). Impact of inverter loading ratio on

solar photovoltaic system performance. Applied Energy, 177,

475-486.

https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.13

Institute of Educational Technologies (2023). Effect of the Angle of

Incidence of Solar Rays on Irradiance. Government of Spain -

Ministry of Education. Retrieved Dec 28 from

https://fjferrer.webs.ull.es/Apuntes3/Leccion02/11_efecto_del_

ngulo_de_incidencia_de_los_rayos_solares_sobre_la_irradianci

a.html

Mascarós-Mateo, V. (2016). Gestión del Montaje de Instalaciones

Solares Fotovoltaicas. Paraninfo.

Evaluation of polyurethane coating performance under various atmospheric conditions

Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3

132

Masters, G. M., & Hsu, K. F. (2023). Renewable and Efficient Electric

Power Systems. Wiley.

https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=3LHiEAAAQBAJ

Rodríguez-Mas, F., Ruiz-Gómez, A., & Valiente-García, D. (2022).

Notes on photovoltaic energy. Miguel Hernández University.

https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=9HR6EAAAQBAJ

Sandia National Laboratories (2024). Inverter Saturation or

"Clipping". Retrieved Jan 02 from

https://pvpmc.sandia.gov/modeling-guide/dc-to-ac-

conversion/inverter-saturation-or-clipping/

Ulloa-Santillán, J. (2020). Study and Design of Electrical Installation

through Photovoltaic Solar Energy in Agricultural "Los Rosales"

for Cocoa Powder Processing Technical University Luis Vargas

Torres of Esmeraldas].

Unamo, A. S., Martínez, L. C., Ordóñez, G., & Zambrano, J. A. (2018).

NEC - Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción: Instalaciones

Eléctricas - Código NEC - SB - IE.