Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
2024, Vol. 14, No. 3 e-ISSN: 1390-8146
Published by: Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres
How to cite this article (APA
): Obando, J., Banguera, L., Santacruz, M., Campoverde, R. (2024) Impacto
de la tipología y gravedad de los accidentes en los costos por atención médica en empresas
ecuatorianas del sector manufactura en la zona 8, Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y
Saberes, 14(3) 133-163
Impact of the type and severity of accidents on medical care costs in
Ecuadorian companies in the manufacturing sector in zone 8
Impacto de la tipología y gravedad de los accidentes en los costos por atención
médica en empresas ecuatorianas del sector manufactura en la zona 8
José Enrique Obando Montenegro
University of Guayaquil. Faculty of Industrial Engineering. Doctor in Technical Sciences
jose.obandom@ug.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2435-511
Leonardo Álvaro Banguera Arroyo
University of Guayaquil. Faculty of Industrial Engineering. D. in Engineering Sciences, mention in
Industrial Engineering. leonardo.bangueraa@ug.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0261-2372
Mario Alberto Santacruz Mora
University of Guayaquil. Faculty of Industrial Engineering. Master in Logistics and Transportation
Optimization mario.santacruzm@ug.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3293-433X
Roger Dario Campoverde Baquerizo
University of Guayaquil. Faculty of Industrial Engineering. Master in Occupational Safety and Health:
roger.campoverdeb@ug.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4433-0071
This study examines the impact of the typology and severity of
occupational accidents on the costs associated with medical care in
manufacturing companies in Zone 8 of Ecuador. It analyzes the
importance of accident prevention and occupational safety
management in reducing these costs and improving the health and
well-being of workers. A quantitative investigation was carried out
that included the collection of data on accidents, medical costs and
other related factors. The results reveal the significant relationship
between accident typology and medical care costs, highlighting the
importance of prevention and occupational safety management.
Abstract
Received 2024-01-12
Revised 2024-03-11
Published 2024-08-01
Corresponding Author
José Enrique Obando
Montenegro
jose.obandom@ug.edu.ec
Pages: 133-163
https://creativecommons.org/lice
nses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Distributed under
Copyright: © The Author(s)
Impact of the Type and Severity of Accidents on Medical Care Costs in Ecuadorian Companies in
the Manufacturing Sector in Zone 8
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3
134
Keywords:
Occupational accidents, Occupational diseases, Health
care costs, Occupational safety, Accident severity, Manufacturing
sector.
Resumen
Este estudio examina el impacto de la tipología y gravedad de los
accidentes laborales en los costos asociados a la atención médica en
empresas del sector manufacturero en la Zona 8 de Ecuador. Se
analiza la importancia de la prevención de accidentes y la gestión de
la seguridad en el trabajo para reducir estos costos y mejorar la salud
y bienestar de los trabajadores. Se llevó a cabo una investigación
cuantitativa que incluyó la recopilación de datos de accidentes,
costos médicos y otros factores relacionados. Los resultados revelan
la relación significativa entre la tipología de los accidentes y los costos
de atención médica, lo que destaca la importancia de la prevención
y la gestión de la seguridad laboral.
Palabras clave:
Accidentes Laborales, Enfermedades profesionales,
Costos atención médica, Seguridad laboral, Gravedad de accidentes,
Sector manufactura.
Introduction
The manufacturing sector plays a crucial role in the Ecuadorian
economy, generating employment and contributing significantly to
the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (INEC, 2021) (Macias et
al., 2020; Pacheco et al., 2018; Pinzón, 2018).. However, this sector
also faces considerable challenges in terms of job security that can
have a significant economic as well as human impact.
Occupational accidents are a global problem that affects workers and
employers worldwide. According to the International Labor
Organization (ILO), it is estimated that an occupational accident
Impact of the Type and Severity of Accidents on Medical Care Costs in Ecuadorian Companies in
the Manufacturing Sector in Zone 8
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3
135
occurs every 15 seconds worldwide, resulting in more than 2.3 million
deaths per year (ILO, 2020; Cuello Ramírez & Lastra Muñoz, 2023;
Peláez Barranco & Garzón Moreno, 2020).. In addition to the human
cost, occupational accidents generate substantial economic costs for
companies, including medical care expenses, compensation, lost
time, and decreased productivity (OSHA, 2021; Kavouras et al., 2022;
Rikhotso et al., 2022; Sadeh et al., 2022)..
Workplace safety is a critical issue for companies in Ecuador's
manufacturing sector. Workplace accidents not only affect the health
and well-being of workers, but also have a substantial impact on
health care costs and productivity of companies (Chillakuri & Vanka,
2020; Jain et al., 2018; Sorensen et al., 2021).. In addition, the severity
and typology of accidents can vary widely, leading to different levels
of health care expenditures (Benlagha & Charfeddine, 2020;
Mokhtarimousavi et al., 2019).. Therefore, it is essential to understand
how these factors relate to and affect health care costs in the specific
context of Zone 8.
In the Ecuadorian context, it is essential to understand how the
typology and severity of occupational accidents affect health care
costs in manufacturing companies in Zone 8. This region, which
includes provinces such as: Bolivar, Guayas, Los Rios, Santo Domingo,
Manabi, Galapagos and Santa Elena, is characterized by its important
industrial and manufacturing presence, it is a region where the
manufacturing industry has experienced sustained growth in recent
years (INEC, 2021).
In this context, it is imperative to understand the impact of the
typology and severity of accidents on health care costs in companies
in this area, focusing on the province of Guayas, specifically in the
cantons of Guayaquil, Duran and Samborondón, in order to provide
valuable information for companies, workers and regulatory
authorities.
This research seeks to answer the behavior of occupational accidents
and how they affect the costs related to medical care in Ecuadorian
companies in this manufacturing sector. This research is justified by
Impact of the Type and Severity of Accidents on Medical Care Costs in Ecuadorian Companies in
the Manufacturing Sector in Zone 8
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3
136
the need to improve safety at work, reduce the costs associated with
occupational accidents and promote a healthier and safer work
environment for workers.
The definition of some authors has been considered to define certain
important concepts within this research.
Occupational accidents are defined as unplanned events that occur in
the workplace and result in physical injury or occupational illness.
These accidents can vary in severity and typology, from minor injuries
to fatal accidents. Their impact is not limited to physical and
emotional consequences for workers, but also has significant
economic implications for companies and society in general, (Izadi et
al., 2019; Masinaei et al., 2022; McKinnon, 2023; Probst et al., 2019;
Raza et al., 2022; Saranjam et al., 2022; OSHA, 2021)..
The occurrence of occupational accidents has a considerable
economic impact. Direct costs include medical expenses, workers'
compensation, rehabilitation and replacement of injured workers. In
addition, there are indirect costs related to lost productivity,
absenteeism, replacement training, and company reputation
(Consunji et al., 2022; Leigh, 2011; Malekzadeh et al., 2022; Mustard
& Yanar, 2023; Nai'em et al., 2020).. These costs may be especially
relevant in the manufacturing sector, where injuries may be more
severe and costly to treat.
Academic literature has extensively documented the economic
impact of occupational accidents. According to a study by the
International Labour Organization (ILO), the direct and indirect costs
of occupational accidents can account for up to 4% of a country's
gross domestic product (GDP) (Bađun, 2017; Palaz & Çolak, 2017;
Fuller, 2019; ILO, 2020; Hadi, 2022)..
Influencing Factors in the Severity and Type of Accidents:
Factors such as working conditions, employee safety training,
compliance with safety regulations, and the safety culture of the
company can influence the type and severity of accidents (Bayram,
2022; Nævestad et al., 2020; Syed-Yahya et al., 2022; Zhang et al.,
Impact of the Type and Severity of Accidents on Medical Care Costs in Ecuadorian Companies in
the Manufacturing Sector in Zone 8
Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes , / 2024/ , Vol. 14, No. 3
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2020).. Identifying these factors is critical to developing effective
accident prevention strategies.
According to Zhang et al., (2020) lack of adequate training and lack
of compliance with safety regulations are common factors
contributing to serious accidents. For these authors Fu et al., (2020);
Rodas & Sanchez, (2019), companies that provide safety training and
promote a safety culture tend to experience fewer serious accidents.
In the work environment, medical care plays an essential role in the
response to accidents (Lawn et al., 2020). According to the Ministry of
Public Health of Ecuador (2021), companies are legally obliged to
provide adequate medical care to injured workers in the workplace.
Medical care in the workplace is essential for the well-being of workers
and the prompt recovery of those who suffer injuries. The costs
associated with medical care include doctor visits, hospitalization,
surgeries, medications and rehabilitation therapy. This care can vary
depending on the severity of the injury and the type of care required
(Sorensen et al., 2021).. Understanding how these costs vary by
accident type and severity is essential for occupational safety
management and business decision making.
Some companies implement workplace health care programs to
reduce costs associated with accidents and improve employee
recovery (Reif et al., 2020; Somani et al., 2021)..
Medical care in the work environment includes the provision of first
aid, hospitalization, and rehabilitation (OSHA, 2021).
Medical care in the work environment is essential to ensure a rapid
and effective response to accidents. This includes the availability of
medical services in the workplace and care protocols (MSP, 2019).
Previous studies in Ecuador and Zone 8:
In Ecuador, the topic of occupational safety in the manufacturing
sector has been previously investigated, but a deeper understanding
of how health care costs are affected by the typology and severity of
accidents in Zone 8 specifically is required (Gomez et al., 2018).
Impact of the Type and Severity of Accidents on Medical Care Costs in Ecuadorian Companies in
the Manufacturing Sector in Zone 8
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Perez et al. (2019), conducted a research on safety and accidents in
Ecuador, where the relationship between safety training and the
incidence of accidents in manufacturing companies in the Zone 8
region was analyzed.
For Ríos, (2019)states that, although there is previous research on
occupational accidents in Ecuador, there is a knowledge gap specific
to Zone 8 and its manufacturing sector, which needs to be analyzed
in order to generate control and mitigation policies.
In addition, for this research the following questions were posed "is
there any practical utility in segregating the figures of occupational
accidents and diseases by each Manufacturing subsector?", "what
advantages are obtained from such segregation compared to the
overall figures published by the IESS in its annual Newsletter?", The
recent enactment of Executive Decree 255 "Workers' Safety and
Health Regulations" published on May 9, 2024 and Resolution CISHT
2018-001, will it have any impact on the controls exercised by the
competent authority in risk prevention matters?
In order to answer these questions, several field works have been
carried out in researches that have allowed us to have a real
knowledge about the occupational accident rate in the different
subsectors, as described by junior researchers in their works such as:
Laínez León, (2022); Ana Bajaña, (2022); Quintero Becerra, (2022);
Vásconez Abad, (2022); Reategui Cordova, (2022); Sánchez Alvear,
(2022); Boza Baquerizo, (2022); Calderón Tenorio, (2022); García
Samaniego, (2022); Veintimilla Franco, (2022); Méndez Pástor, (2022);
Sánchez Flores, (2022); Úrgiles Zúñiga, (2022); Vera Carvajal, (2022);
Martinez Arguello, (2023); Carranza Montalván, (2023); Chalán
Michay, (2023); Altamirano Mayorga, (2023); Curimilma Jara, (2023);
Mendez Velez, (2023); Villegas Quinde, (2023)..
This literature review provides a solid basis for understanding the
context and key elements related to the impact of accident typology
and severity on health care costs in the manufacturing sector in Zone
8 of Ecuador.
Impact of the Type and Severity of Accidents on Medical Care Costs in Ecuadorian Companies in
the Manufacturing Sector in Zone 8
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Methodology
This study adopted a quantitative approach. The target population
consisted of manufacturing companies in Zone 8. Data on
occupational injuries and health care costs were collected through
records and employee surveys. The data were categorized by types
of injuries associating each type with the cost of worker health
recovery.
This research seeks to process statistical information on occupational
accidents - accidents and related costs - published annually by the
Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security (Instituto Ecuatoriano de
Seguridad Social). The published figures refer to accidents and cases
of occupational morbidity occurring in the nine productive sectors
into which the C.I.I.U. (International Standard Industrial Classification)
is divided.
The present study is oriented to eight of the twenty-four (8/24)
subsectors, which comprise the Manufacturing sector.
Results
ANALYSIS 1: AVERAGE DAYS OF INCAPACITY DUE TO WORK-
RELATED ACCIDENTS
There are two indicators in Industrial Safety that measure the degree
of coverage or protection against occupational accidents that
companies have: one is the Accident Frequency Rate and the other is
the Severity Rate. The calculation of the Severity Index involves the
days of incapacity, which is the time that the affected worker will
remain with medical rest or under treatment due to the injury or health
affectation suffered. Based on this data it is possible to calculate the
average number of days of incapacity per accident and per subsector,
as shown in TABLE 1 and TABLE 2, where the data correspond to the
year 2019, whose information is obtained from the research of the
following authors such as, Boza Baquerizo, (2022); Calderón Tenorio,
(2022); Carranza Montalván, (2023); Chalán Michay, (2023); García
Impact of the Type and Severity of Accidents on Medical Care Costs in Ecuadorian Companies in
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Samaniego, (2022); Laínez León, (2022); Martinez Arguello, (2023);
Veintimilla Franco, (2022)..
Table 1:
Economic Subsectors
No.
ISIC
PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY
1
C-10
Manufacture of food products
2
C-11
Beverage processing
3
C-13
Manufacture of textile products
4
C-14
Garment manufacturing
5
C-16
Manufacture of wood products
6
C-17
Paper production
7
C-22
Rubber and plastic manufacturing
8
C-25
Manufacture of metal products
SOURCE: Own
Table 2
: Accident severity
No.
ISIC
D
A
P
1
C-10
52776
885
59.63
2
C-11
5869
78
75.24
3
C-13
6844
89
76.89
4
C-14
6981
48
145.43
5
C-16
1252
40
31.3
6
C-17
4175
70
59.64
7
C-22
10755
137
78.50
8
C-25
7935
318
24.95
D: days of disability
A: number of accidents
P: average number of days per accident
SOURCE: Various authors
The values obtained in column (P) of TABLE 2 are the result of dividing
column (D) by column (A). It measures the average time that an injured
worker is absent from the company. Some accidents require more
days of recovery (depending on whether they require surgical
interventions, medical treatment, therapies, rest, etc.) than others.
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By ordering the information recorded in TABLE 2, taking as a
reference the analysis variable (P) average number of days per
accident, TABLE 3 is obtained, which presents the ranking of the
subsectors based on the average number of days per accident of the
subsectors.
Table 3:
Ranking of sub-sectors based on average days of disability
No.
ISIC
PREVIOUS
D
A
P
4
C-14
3
6981
48
145.43
7
C-22
9
10755
137
78.50
3
C-13
10
6844
89
76.89
2
C-11
8
5869
78
75.24
6
C-17
5
4175
70
59.64
1
C-10
4
52776
885
59.63
5
C-16
2
1252
40
31.3
8
C-25
6
7935
318
24.95
SOURCE: Own
ANALYSIS 2: REACTIVE INDICATORS vs. RISK LEVEL RATING.
The 3 subsectors with the highest average number of days per
accident for 2019 are: C-14, Apparel manufacturing; C-22 Rubber and
plastic manufacturing; and C-13 Textile product manufacturing. From
these 3 subsectors we will select C-13 (Manufacture of textile
products) and C-14 (Manufacture of clothing) in order to make a
comparative analysis and show the varied behavior of the Severity
Index depending on the type of productive activity.
RESOLUTION IESS CD 513.
According to Resolution CD 513 of the Ecuadorian Institute of Social
Security (IESS), there are three "reactive" indicators in Ecuador to
evaluate the occurrence of accidents in companies: Frequency Index
(FI), Severity Index (SI) and Risk Rate (RR). TABLE 4 shows the values
of the Severity Index for eight manufacturing subsectors during the
period 2011-2021.
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the Manufacturing Sector in Zone 8
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Table 4:
Severity Index by Accident Sub-sectors
Severity Index
Productive Subsectors
Year
C-10
C-11
C-13
C-14
C-16
C-17
C-22
C-25
2011
11,2
7,4
7,4
12,4
12,4
8,6
7,6
18,7
2012
12,2
6,9
6,9
14,2
14,2
6,9
6,9
24,8
2013
16,9
9,8
9,8
18,8
18,8
9,8
9,9
35,9
2014
73,4
42,3
42,3
81,6
19,8
42,3
42,5
156,1
2015
37,9
21,8
21,9
42,8
23,6
21,8
22,6
80,3
2016
41,9
25,6
25,6
47,2
27,6
25,6
26,3
92,0
2017
45,5
21,9
21,9
46,9
29,2
21,9
28,8
68,4
2018
41,7
27,3
85,0
45,2
24,7
27,3
84,9
76,9
2019
32,2
59,3
59,3
73,0
41,4
48,0
59,9
88,1
2020
1,5
3,3
5,5
12,0
2,2
6,3
4,0
6,8
2021
3,2
5,1
6,2
16,1
2,6
6,9
6,4
8,7
Source: Own research
Resolution CISHT 2018-001, on the other hand, assigns a risk level
(high, medium, low) to each activity; in this case, the textile
manufacturing activity (C-13) is rated HIGH RISK and apparel
manufacturing (C-14) is rated MEDIUM RISK.
TABLE 5 shows the values of the average number of days per accident
and the Severity Index for two subsectors, contrasting them with the
risk rating.
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the Manufacturing Sector in Zone 8
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TABLE 5: REACTIVE INDICATORS YEAR 2019
ISIC
AVERAGE
DAYS
GRAVITY
INDEX
RISK
LEVEL
C-13
76.89
59.3
ALTO
C-14
145.43
73.0
MEDIO
*Source: Resolution CISHT 2018-001: Classification, categorization
and level of occupational risk.
As can be seen, when comparing the figures for 2019, the risk level
rating assigned by Resolution CISHT 2018-001 to the two activities
analyzed is not related to the respective Severity Index nor to the
average days per accident, which could imply an adjustment of the
Table of Occupational Risk Levels.
The same analysis can be made for the rest of the manufacturing
subsectors.
ADJUSTMENTS TO THE RISK RATING.
There are currently two criteria for assessing risk prevention
management in a productive activity. On the one hand, there are the
reactive indicators and on the other hand the risk rating conferred by
Resolution CISHT 2018-001 to any economic activity.
In every company, occupational risk prevention activities seek to
reduce the incidence of accidents in the workplace. To achieve this
objective, risk prevention management systems must be effective in
reducing the number of accidents, their severity or their
consequences.
This research suggests that for the analysis and qualification of the risk
levels of productive activities, the results of the reactive indicators,
and more specifically, the Severity Index, should be included as an
input.
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In order to carry out a more complete exercise for the periodic
updating of risk levels, the criteria proposed for such updating are as
follows:
The evolution of the reactive indicators, Frequency Index, Severity
Index and Risk Rate in each economic activity.
The evolution of the Effectiveness Index or Checklist of the Ministry
of Labor regarding compliance with legal provisions on risk
prevention.
Pearson's correlation coefficient between the variables: historical
behavior of occupational accidents by economic activity and the
Efficiency Index.
This involves the segregation of the accident statistics published by
the IESS, separating the data by each manufacturing subsector.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURING PRODUCTION SUBSECTORS.
In order to carry out a study of which productive subsector presents
the highest number of accidents during the period 2011-2022, a
comparative study of the number of accidents among the eight
subsectors was carried out. A comparative study of the number of
accidents was carried out among the eight subsectors, which are ISIC
code C-10 manufacture of food products, ISIC C-11 manufacture of
beverages, ISIC C-13 manufacture of textile products, ISIC C-14
manufacture of clothing, ISIC C-16 manufacture of wood,
manufacture of wood and cork products, ISIC C-17 manufacture of
paper and paper products, ISIC C-22 manufacture of rubber and
plastic products, ISIC C-25 manufacture of fabricated metal products,
as shown in TABLE 6.
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Table 6
: NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS BY SUBSECTORS.
Number of Accidents
Productive Subsectors
Year
C-10
C-11
C-13
C-14
C-16
C-17
C-22
C-25
2011
773
73
96
136
29
68
110
128
2012
1110
111
133
185
46
91
152
203
2013
1251
131
149
198
45
102
176
242
2014
1348
135
152
201
51
107
183
255
2015
1546
168
163
211
63
123
209
288
2016
1346
153
132
180
48
108
177
244
2017
1053
108
111
134
36
83
137
192
2018
1275
95
103
104
38
76
143
296
2019
1350
78
89
126
40
118
137
318
2020
78
9
6
8
4
9
14
6
2021
112
11
7
10
6
11
18
7
2022
119
15
8
16
6
13
21
9
Source: Own research
A heatmap is a type of graph used to represent information in a
matrix, where each cell of the matrix is colored according to a scalar
value. Heatmaps are useful for visualizing patterns and trends in
multivariate data, especially when there is a lot of data and a summary
representation is sought.
The heat map or heatmap, GRAPH 1, is a graphic tool that will allow
us to see which areas present a greater interest on a scale from lower
to higher where the lower value numbers are represented with lighter
shades such as yellow and the higher value numbers are represented
with darker shades such as brown. (Torres, 2023).
Impact of the Type and Severity of Accidents on Medical Care Costs in Ecuadorian Companies in
the Manufacturing Sector in Zone 8
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Graph 1
: NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS BY SUBSECTORS.
The heatmap tool shows that of all the productive subsectors studied,
the one with the highest number of accidents is the C-10, whose
activity is the production of food products in the period 2011-2022,
with 2015 being the year with the highest number of accidents with
1546 accidents. On the other hand, we have the productive subsector
with the lowest number of accidents which is the C-16 dedicated to
the production of wood and manufacture of wood products and corks.
Processes in the Faculty of Industrial Engineering.
As a previous step, it is required the tabulation of occupational
accidents in a segregated way, by manufacturing subsector. It is also
required the tabulation of the performance of the companies' OHS
Management Systems by means of the tool known as "Effectiveness
Index" or "Checklist"; this control must be carried out for each
Manufacturing sub-sector.
Impact of the Type and Severity of Accidents on Medical Care Costs in Ecuadorian Companies in
the Manufacturing Sector in Zone 8
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147
Once these two requirements have been met, the following can be
done with the new information generated by the IESS Annual
Information Bulletin:
Calculation of Pearson's correlation coefficient using the information
collected for the variables: historical sequence of accidents and
Effectiveness Index, in order to establish the effectiveness of the
prevention strategies of each manufacturing subsector.
Identification of sub-sectors that merit intervention by the competent
authority due to their low performance.
Determination of preventive and corrective measures to be applied in
each manufacturing subsector.
The following are the questions posed at the beginning of the
document:
"Is there any practical utility in segregating occupational accident and
illness figures by each Manufacturing subsector?"
The results of the research will yield new data on the behavior of the
occupational accident rate by productive activity, which will allow:
To alert companies in the different manufacturing subsectors about
the historical behavior of accidents.
Determine the costs generated by the recovery of the health of
injured workers, taking into account that such costs are associated
with the severity of occupational accidents and that, in turn, the latter
is a function of the degree of control exercised over the risks.
To carry out comparative analyses between subsectors with respect
to the costs of recovering the health of their workers TABLE 7.
The heat map tool shows that the productive subsector with the
highest level of medical care costs is ISIC code C-10. Similarly, in the
year 2021 the highest cost for medical care is recorded at $910781.
CHART 2.
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Table 7
: COSTS FOR MEDICAL CARE.
Source: Own research
Another aspect to highlight are the costs involved during the period
of medical rest due to injury or occupational disease. These costs are
twofold: on the one hand, there are the unproductive times due to
the worker's absence from work; this implies the payment of
additional wages to replacement workers, which increases production
costs.
On the other hand, medical care for each patient has protocols that
depend on the type of injury or occupational pathology that has been
generated. Both the cost overruns due to extra remuneration and
medical care expenses are vital to determine the real cost of an
accident in the workplace. In future research it will be appropriate to
address both topics in detail, in order to reflect more fully the
consequences of occupational accidents and illnesses.
Calculate the occupational accident rates (number of accidents per
ten thousand workers) for comparison purposes between
manufacturing subsectors, as shown in TABLE 8 and GRAPH 3, with
respect to the accident rate by subsector.
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Table 8
: ACCIDENT RATE BY PRODUCTIVE SUBSECTORS. PERIOD
2011 - 2022
Accident Rate
Productive Subsectors
Year
C-10
C-11
C-13
C-14
C-16
C-17
C-22
C-25
2011
10,09
6,72
6,75
11,25
11,28
6,67
6,51
15,76
2012
15,72
8,89
8,89
18,16
18,20
8,82
8,75
32,80
2013
16,95
9,83
9,79
18,89
19,01
9,81
11,25
36,51
2014
17,08
9,88
9,85
18,96
19,05
9,86
9,83
36,63
2015
19,28
11,11
11,15
21,76
21,69
11,12
11,39
41,86
2016
16,35
9,98
9,95
18,37
18,48
9,97
10,21
37,61
2017
12,81
6,13
6,16
13,20
13,02
6,12
7,62
26,65
2018
15,06
8,60
8,49
10,22
10,12
5,36
7,92
41,53
2019
16,71
7,88
7,71
13,18
13,22
13,20
7,63
49,47
2020
1,02
1,03
1,09
0,95
0,96
1,04
1,00
0,96
2021
1,22
1,20
1,21
1,21
1,24
1,25
1,21
1,25
2022
1,49
1,48
1,43
1,53
1,61
1,46
1,46
1,55
Source: Own research
The graph shows that, comparing the results of the accident rate
among the eight productive subsectors, there is one that should be
taken into account especially because it has a very high rate in
contrast to the others, which is subsector C-25 manufacture of
fabricated metal products. In addition, for the year 2019 it presents
its highest point in its accident rate per 1000 workers with a result of
49.47, not only becoming the highest value of the subsector, but also
the highest among all subsectors. On the other hand, it can be noted
that the accident rate in the eight subsectors in the year 2020
presented its lowest rates, but from the year 2021 to 2022 it begins
to increase, but significantly.
"What are the advantages of such segregation compared to the
overall figures published by the IESS in its annual Newsletter?"
The application of what is proposed in this project requires the
implementation of 2 academic initiatives:
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Creation of the extracurricular chair "FCI-042" to disseminate the
content and scope of the FCI project, aimed at students of the School
of Industrial Engineering interested in participating in internships at
the IESS (Division of Labor Risks) and the Ministry of Labor, as a result
of the eventual signing of an agreement with these institutions.
Creation of the professional specialty "Forensic analysis of
occupational accidents" for the training of experts in:
Application of universally accepted methods for the identification of
the root cause(s) of occupational accidents and diseases. It covers all
the casuistry originated in the reports to the IESS of occupational
accidents and diseases generated by public and private companies in
the country.
Application of the method for the classification, categorization and
codification of the causes and effects of occupational accidents and
diseases.
Presentation of the proposal of preventive and corrective measures
for the reduction of occupational accidents in the manufacturing
subsectors.
Use of the digital tool "Vademecum of causes and effects of
occupational accidents and diseases" and updating of the tool.
The advantages of the proposed situation are:
individual management of occupational accident rates by
manufacturing subsector
the presentation of proposals to reduce the frequency and/or severity
of occupational accidents and illnesses in the manufacturing sector,
based on information from each subsector.
The possibility of creating the professional specialty "Forensic analysis
of occupational accidents" that would collaborate in the investigation
of occupational accidents and diseases to determine their causes and
effects using universally recognized methods, analyzing recurrence,
proposing intervention models to subsectors with low results in
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prevention and generally contributing to the monitoring of
occupational accidents in Ecuador.
Will Executive Decree 255 "Workers' Health and Safety Regulations"
published on May 9, 2024 and Resolution CISHT 2018-001 have any
impact on the controls exercised by the competent authority in terms
of risk prevention?
The Thirteenth Transitory Provision of Executive Decree 255
establishes the application of the "List of Categorization and Levels
of Occupational Risk in terms of occupational safety and risk
prevention" by virtue of Resolution No. 2018-001 issued by the
Interinstitutional Committee on Occupational Safety and Hygiene,
which contains the classification by risk level of economic activities in
terms of occupational safety and health.
The risk level categorization list shows the status for each
manufacturing subsector. The proposal of the present research will
show the following:
• The occupational accident rate for each manufacturing
subsector.
• The historical behavior of occupational accidents.
• Levels of legal compliance in the area of occupational risk
prevention.
• The correlation that exists between legal compliance on risk
prevention and the behavior of accidents in a given subsector.
In turn, the above will make it possible:
Establish a ranking of the performance of the country's companies
and productive sectors, based on the correlation coefficient between
the two trends: labor claims and legal compliance.
Define which sectors should be encouraged based on their accident
prevention behavior and which should be intervened by the authority
for preventive purposes.
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Conclusions
The impact of the type and severity of accidents on health care costs
in Zone 8 manufacturing companies is an issue of great relevance. The
results highlight the need for more effective preventive measures and
safety programs. A larger and more detailed study is recommended
to fully understand these dynamics.
On the other hand, when reviewing the "List of Categorization and
Levels of Occupational Risk in terms of safety and Occupational Risk
Prevention" of Resolution CISHT 2018-001, it is clear that the criteria
for segregating the occupational accident rate contemplated in the
present investigation should be included in the update of said list,
approved in Executive Decree 255: number of accidents and medical
care costs due to occupational accidents in eight different
Manufacturing subsectors.
As for the validity of these studies, although the present analysis
corresponds to the year 2019, if the model presented here is adopted,
it can be replicated every year, with the consequent advantage of
having an updated analysis of the behavior of occupational accidents.
This involves not only accidents but also occupational diseases.
Similarly, the other productive sectors of the ISIC, such as agriculture,
construction, mining, etc., can also be analyzed from the point of view
of occupational accident figures. The central goal is, in any case, the
segregation of information that will allow decisions to be made that
will benefit safety in the workplace.
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