Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y Saberes
2024, Vol. 14, No. 3 e-ISSN: 1390-8146
Published by: Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres
How to cite this article (APA):
Bran, J., Banguera, L., Santos, O., Llamuca, G. (2024) Process
management as a baseline for occupational safety, Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación y
Saberes, 14(3) 193-219
Process management as a baseline for occupational safety
La gestión por procesos como línea base de la seguridad laboral
José Alberto Bran Cevallos
University of Guayaquil. Faculty of Industrial Engineering. Master in Safety, Industrial Hygiene and
Occupational Health alberto.branc@ug.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6856-2793
Leonardo Álvaro Banguera Arroyo
University of Guayaquil. Faculty of Industrial Engineering. D. in Engineering Sciences, mention in
Industrial Engineering. leonardo.bangueraa@ug.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0261-2372
Otto Benjamin Santos Vasquez
University of Guayaquil. Faculty of Industrial Engineering. Master in Safety, Industrial Hygiene and
Occupational Health otto.santosv@ug.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5986-1601
Gerardo David Llamuca Baque
University of Guayaquil. Faculty of Industrial Engineering. Master in Safety, Industrial Hygiene and
Occupational Health gerardo.llamucab@ug.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7449-1577
The purpose of this article is to inform employers and workers in
general about the importance of documenting the management by
processes for the benefit of occupational safety, which productive or
service companies must have in order to have safe working
environments. What is described in first order are the statistics of
work accidents in a period of five years and the legal aspects and
pertinent public organisms of control, with which the public and
private companies manage their plan of prevention labor risks in our
national territory and then it is to make known on the importance that
has the use and application of the technical tools of control and
analysis that make possible to evidence, to analyze and to improve
the enterprise processes. Finally, having managed to balance the
process management, making it possible for workers to adopt a
Abstract
Received 2024-03-12
Revised 2024-05-19
Published 2024-08-01
Corresponding Author
José Alberto Bran Cevallos
alberto.branc@ug.edu.ec
Pages: 193-219
https://creativecommons.org/lice
nses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Distributed under
Copyright: © The Author(s)
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culture of doing things right from the first moment and thus improve
labor productivity, reducing or eliminating hazards and risks
associated with work and that lead to occupational accidents, with a
good control at the source and in the middle, it will reduce or
eliminate risks. The result of this well-directed management will allow
the company to focus on customer satisfaction, providing safe
working environments.
Keywords:
Employer, Worker, Occupational Safety, Occupational
Accident, Hazard, Risk, Companies, Management by process,
Diagramming.
Resumen
El presente articulo tiene como objetivo dar a conocer a empleadores
y trabajadores en general sobre la importancia que tiene documentar
la gestión por procesos en beneficio de la seguridad laboral, con la
que deben contar las empresas productivas o de servicio para
disponer de ambientes seguros de trabajo. Lo que se describe en
primer orden son las estadísticas de accidentes de trabajo en un
periodo de cinco años y los aspectos legales y organismos públicos
de control pertinentes, con las cuales las empresas públicas y
privadas gestionan su plan de prevención riesgos laborales en
nuestro territorio nacional y luego es dar a conocer sobre la
importancia que tiene el uso y aplicación de las herramientas técnicas
de control y análisis que hacen posible evidenciar, analizar y mejorar
los procesos empresariales. Finalmente habiendo logrado poner en
equilibrio la gestión por procesos, haciendo posible que los
trabajadores adopten una cultura de hacer las cosas bien desde el
primer momento y con ello mejorar la productividad laboral,
reduciendo o eliminando los peligros y riesgos asociados al trabajo y
que dan lugar a accidentes laborales, con un buen control en la fuente
y en el medio, se lograra reducir o eliminar los riesgos. El resultado
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de esta gestión bien direccionada le permitirá a la empresa enfocarse
en la satisfacción de sus clientes, proporcionando ambientes seguros
de trabajo.
Plabras clave:
Empleador, Trabajador, Seguridad Laboral, Accidente
de trabajo, Peligro, Riesgo, Empresas, Gestión por proceso,
Diagramación.
Introduction
In Ecuador it is a constitutional right that workers develop their
activities in an adequate and conducive environment that guarantees
their health, integrity, safety, hygiene and welfare established in Art.
326 Literal 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador,
2008.(Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, 2008).. Based on this
mandate, on May 2, 2024, Executive Decree 255 - Regulation of
Safety and Health at Work was signed and published on May 9 in the
Official Gazette, Second Supplement No. 554, which aims to:
Promote a culture of prevention and protection in occupational safety
and health and strengthen its regulatory framework, through the
development of public policies and actions to strengthen safety and
health at work. (Regulation of Safety and Health at Work, 2024).
Article 4 of this new legal instrument on occupational safety and
health states the following: The National Policy on Occupational
Safety and Health will be in charge of the governing body of labor
and the national health authority, who within the scope of their
competencies will issue the national policies on occupational safety
and health. (Reglamento de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, 2024)..
The First General Provision states: For all matters not provided for in
these Regulations, the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic
of Ecuador, the International Agreements signed and ratified by
Ecuador, the Organic Law of Public Enterprises, the Organic Law of
Public Services, the Labor Code and other regulations in force shall
be observed.
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The Twelfth Transitory Provision of DE-255 states: The labor
governing body, within five (5) months from the publication of this
Regulation in the Official Gazette, shall issue the technical regulations
on occupational safety and health. Until its issuance, the provisions
contained in articles 21 to 184, with the exception of articles 64, 65
and 67 of the Worker's Safety and Health Regulations, published in
Official Gazette No. 565 of November 17, 1986, last amendment
February 21, 2003, shall remain in force and shall be of mandatory
compliance in workplaces and/or work centers. (Occupational Safety
and Health Regulations, 2024).
The labor governing body is currently responsible for: To monitor
compliance with the legal regulations in force, related to Safety and
Health of Workers. and for which it maintains at the disposal of public
and private companies, the computer platform: Unique Work System
(SUT), in which everything that has been executed of the safety
management system of the company or workstation must be
registered and declared, taking into account that there must be
evidence of the management carried out.
On the other hand, social security is the responsibility of the State,
which will regulate, regulate and control the activities related to this
competence. For which the Art. 370 of the Constitution of the
Republic of Ecuador, (2008) states: The Ecuadorian Institute of Social
Security (IESS), an autonomous entity regulated by law, will be
responsible for the provision of mandatory universal insurance
contingencies to its affiliates.
E l (IESS, Seguro General de Riesgo del Trabajo, 2024)through the
Seguro General de Riesgos del Trabajo (SGRT) is published annually
through its web page: https://www.iess.gob.ec/es/web/guest/visor-
riesgos With this information it is possible to face the real problem
with the participation of those involved (public governing bodies,
employers and workers), allowing foreseeing new dangers and risks,
as well as identifying other economic sectors that become dangerous
due to different factors. This allows the development of preventive
measures, as well as the formulation of preventive policies and
programs at the national level that contribute to the reduction of
occupational hazards. The statistics provided below are the product
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197
of the collection of information for the period 2019 - 2023 to provide
results that can generate timely corrective actions. (IESS, General
Insurance of Labor Risks, 2024)
Table:1 and Figure:1. Presents information on occupational accidents
(OT) reported during the period 2019 - 2023 what stands out in it is
the place where they occurred or in what circumstance they
originated, highlighting that the OTs have taken place in the highest
percentage in the workplace (LT) and secondly in the home-work
commute and vice versa (IVT).
Table: 1
REPORTED OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT NOTICES - SGRT-
2019-2023
SOURCE:SGRT (IESS,
Seguro General de
Riesgo del Trabajo,
2024)
RA
. - NOTICES
REPORTED
ANNUALLY
LT. -
IN THE
WORKPLACE
IVT.
- TO AND FROM
WORK IN INTINERE
DJT.
- TRAVEL DURING WORKING HOURS
OLT. -
AT ANOTHER WORKPLACE
CS. -
ON SECONDMENT
YEAR
RA
LT
IVT
DJT
OLT
CS
2019
21293
11207
5373
2435
1688
590
2020
16947
10310
3699
1345
1297
296
2021
18915
10163
5258
1699
1398
397
2022
17785
9337
5466
1534
1107
341
2023
20056
10188
6411
1842
1156
459
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Figure 1.
REPORTED OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT WARNINGS BY
LOCATION (2019-2023)
SOURCE: SGRT (IESS, Seguro General de Riesgo del Trabajo, 2024)
Table 2 shows the statistics of reported TA for the 10 economic
sectors with the highest incidence, with SECTOR D -
MANUFACTURING standing out in this group in first place.
Table 2
TOP 10 - OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT WARNING REPORTS
BY ECONOMIC SECTOR
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
1963
1658
2757
1596
1681
3465
2819
3146
3132
3455
781
359
549
472
516
3265
2322
2610
2675
3062
1036
354
499
478
577
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
NOTIFICATION REPORTS
L. WORK IN INTINERE DISPLACEMENT
OTHER LOCATION COMMISSION
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1062
706
763
893
1050
1953
1328
1904
1826
2201
2157
1917
1876
1893
1991
2540
3338
2200
2009
2298
675
471
594
568
640
SOURCE: SGRT (IESS, Seguro General de Riesgo del Trabajo, 2024)
The reports of work accidents (TA) received by the IESS must be
evaluated and qualified by the SGRT, as follows: Table 3 and Fig.2.
Table 3.
QUALIFIED WORK ACCIDENTS - IESS-SGRT
LOCATION / PERIOD
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
PLACE OF
WORK
9449
6781
7049
8273
8374
IN INTINERE
4260
2734
3558
4781
4846
COMMUTING DURING
WORKING HOURS
1659
968
1123
1361
1497
IN ANOTHER PLACE
1331
922
1027
1012
941
ON SECONDMENT
357
224
286
303
327
TOTAL NUMBER OF QUALIFIED
ACCIDENTS
17056
11629
13043
15730
15985
SOURCE: SGRT (IESS, Seguro General de Riesgo del Trabajo, 2024)
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Figure 2.
QUALIFIED WORK ACCIDENTS IESS-SGRT
SOURCE: SGRT (IESS, Seguro General de Riesgo del Trabajo, 2024)
One of the striking statistics is described in Table 4, in which the
variables are age and sex, indicating that both men and women
between 21 and 30 years of age concentrate a high number of
workers who have suffered a qualified work accident, followed by
those between 31 and 40 years of age.
Table 4
. QUALIFIED BY AGE RANGE AND SEX - 2019-2023.
AGE
WOMAN
MAN
1 - 20
233
2076
21 - 30
6006
20849
31 - 40
6209
16576
41 - 50
3828
9351
51 - 60
2473
4438
61 - 70
395
932
71 - 80
5
25
SOURCE: SGRT (IESS, Seguro General de Riesgo del Trabajo, 2024)
Table:5 gives the statistics of occupational accidents qualified by the
SGRT during the period 2019-2023 by economic sector, in the same
it is observed and in a very evident way that sector D: Manufacturing
Industry, leads the statistics of qualified AT, continuing the sector: G.
Table 5
. TOP 10 - AT. RATED BY ECONOMIC ACT. ECONOMIC
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
QUALIFIED WORK ACCIDENTS - SGRT
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ECONOMIC SECTOR - IUCS
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
A-AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK,
HUNTING AND FORESTRY
1756
1026
1217
1249
1464
D-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
3001
2191
2495
2906
2931
F-CONSTRUCTION
605
280
000
436
420
G-WHOLESALE AND RETAIL
TRADE AND REPAIR OF VEHICLES,
MOTORCYCLES, HOUSEHOLD
GOODS AND EFFECTS
2482
1575
1826
2331
2437
H-HOTELS AND RESTAURANT
381
000
375
420
000
I-TRANSPORTATION,
WAREHOUSING AND
COMMUNICATIONS
974
565
627
831
820
K-BUSINESS AND RENTAL REAL
ESTATE ACTIVITIES
1475
980
1324
1545
1622
L-PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND
DEFENSE, COMPULSORY SOCIAL
SECURITY PLANS
1695
1269
1358
1649
1586
N-HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES
ACTIVITY
1888
1715
1421
1648
1714
O-OTHER COMMUNITY, SOCIAL
AND PERSONAL SERVICE
ACTIVITIES
629
391
368
559
515
SOURCE: SGRT (IESS, Seguro General de Riesgo del Trabajo, 2024)
In this scenario, it is important that both the employer and the
employee know about the legal aspects related to labor safety. In this
regard: When the affiliate suffers an accident at work or is diagnosed
with an occupational disease, the employer is obliged to notify the
IESS within 10 working days from the date of the accident or
presumed disease. The employer would generate employer's liability
for not complying with this term.(IESS Resolution 513, 2016)
According to the International Labor Organization (ILO) for the
Americas, there are significant challenges related to occupational
safety and health. Available figures show 11.1 fatal accidents per
100,000 workers in industry, 10.7 in agriculture, and 6.9 in the services
sector. Other sectors of the region's productive and service economy,
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such as mining, construction, agriculture and fishing, are also among
those with the highest incidence of occupational accidents. The
human cost of occupational diseases and occupational accidents is
also considered, highlighting the fact that they affect production and
economic performance, and generate significant investments in the
medical field. (International Labor Organization, 2024)
The Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, (2008)in its article 326,
paragraph 6 states: Any person rehabilitated after a work accident or
illness, shall have the right to be reintegrated to work and to maintain
the labor relationship. The Social Security Law, (2001)Article 155 of
the Social Security Law (2001) states that: POLICY GUIDELINES. - The
General Insurance of Labor Risks protects the affiliate and the
employer through programs for the prevention of risks derived from
work, and actions for the reparation of damages derived from work
accidents and occupational diseases, including physical and mental
rehabilitation and labor reinsertion.
Ecuador according to statistical records of the National Institute of
Statistics and Census (INEC) in 2021 its population was 17.8 million
inhabitants and by 2023 there will be approximately 18.3 million, of
which 51% are women and 49% are men, of this population 64% live
in urban areas and 36% in rural areas. According to the same source,
as of 2023 the Directory of Companies and Establishments (DIEE) will
be called Statistical Registry of Companies (REEM), which reports that
in 2022 there will be a total of 863,681 companies, generating
2,815,050 jobs. (National Institute of Statistics and Census, 2024)..
The Andean Community of Nations (CAN) establishes two criteria for
the size of companies: The first criterion to determine the size of a
company is sales and the second criterion is the number of people
employed. It is important to note that to determine the size of a
company, priority is given to the use of sales available to the
company; if not available, it will be based on registered employment.
Only for Public Institutions, the number of registered employment
positions will be considered first and the volume of sales second
(Table 6). INEC - Statistical Registry of Companies - April 2023.
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TABLE 6.
TYPES OF COMPANIES
COMPANY SIZE
ANNUAL SALES (dollars)
EMPLOYED
PERSONNEL
Microenterprise
Less than 100,000
1 - 9
Small business
From 100,001 - 1000,000
10 - 49
Medium "A"
company
From 1000,001 - 2000,000
50 - 99
Medium "B"
company
From 2000,001 - 5000,000
100 - 199
Large company
From 5000.001 - and up
200 - and
upwards
Ecuador's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew 3.3% in the second
quarter of 2023 versus the same period of 2022, reported the Central
Bank (BCE) on September 29, 2023. (Tutivén Desintonio & Quintero
Montaño, 2024; Fernandez Pereira, 2024).. The same source
highlights that of the 18 sectors of the country's economy, 15
reported a positive performance during this period. Among the
activities that showed the highest year-on-year growth are: Electricity
and water supply by 10.8%. Aquaculture and shrimp fishing by 10.5%.
Education and health and social services by 8.5%. Mail and
communications by 7.5%. Public administration by 4.3%. (Firsts, 2024)
Firsts, (2024) points out that, in October 2023, the country has
increased by 23% the number of companies, type: Sociedad por
Acciones Simplificadas (SAS). A total of 13,179 companies were
incorporated in the period from January to August 2022 according to
information provided by the Superintendence of Companies.
Compared to the same period of 2021 in which a total of 10,722
companies were created. If analyzed by type of economic companies,
the only one that registers growth are the Simplified Joint Stock
Companies, which were created more than two years ago with the
purpose of promoting the formalization of the enterprises generated
in the country in times of pandemic. Figures show that during 2022
SAS type companies doubled compared to 2021. On the other hand,
Limited Liability Companies (Sociedad Anónima) and Limited Liability
Companies (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada) registered a
contraction.
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As is public knowledge, it is the responsibility of the Ecuadorian state
to ensure the safety and promote the welfare of workers involved in
all processes developed in both public and private companies. To this
end, with the publication of DE 255 and providing that the governing
body of labor and the national health authority will have a period of
five months according to the twelfth and thirteenth transitory
provision, to issue the new labor safety regulations, respecting in the
meantime what is in force and permitted.(Occupational Safety and
Health Regulation, 2024).
Methodology
The scientific research generated represents a dynamic process
according to the research approach, using historical and descriptive
techniques during the period (2019 - 2023). The correlation with other
tools interrelates the variables, it should be noted that this does not
lead to the analysis of the cause-effect relationship, but allows to
identify the sectors in which their processes should be improved and
the tools with which they should operate to identify waste and risks.
Monje Álvarez, (2011).
According to ISO 9000-2000, (2000) defines process: Set of mutually
related or interacting activities, which transform input elements into
results. Two basic characteristics must have the processes to be able
to apply the requirements of ISO 9001: 2000
That they interact.
Manageable
Figure 3.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Source: Author
Input = Input
INPUT
ELEMENTOS DE
ENTRADA
TRANSFORM
TRANSFORMACION
OUTPUT
ELEMENTO DE
SALIDA
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All input elements of the process must be considered, i.e., materials
and inputs to be processed, human resources to be processed,
information to be processed. Customer requirements
Transformation = transform
During the transformation process, the "magic M's" Materials, Labor,
Machines, Work Methods, Environment and Measurements are
involved. This is where added value is generated.
Output = Output
The result of a process must be a product or service that satisfies the
customer's needs.
For organizations to operate effectively, they have to identify and
manage numerous interrelated and interacting processes. Often the
output of one process directly constitutes the input to the next
process. The systematic identification and management of the
processes used in the organization and in particular the interactions
between such processes is known as the "process-based approach".
ISO 9000-2000, (2000)
For Acosta, (2018)there are many authors who have shown that the
processes defined by managers and middle management of
production or service companies are responsible for most of the errors
that are generated in any process, leading to complaints and
dissatisfaction of customers, but not the workers who are those who
are limited to perform the tasks of this.
For Abbas, (2020); Shafiq et al., (2019); Mizuno, (2020); Zaratiegui,
(1999)processes are tools widely used in the different models of
organizational management, especially in those organizations that
maintain a Total Quality policy as the basis of their management
strategies.
For many years the organizational structure of the companies were
maintained in relation to the requirements of the organizational
approach, now they are defined as a new concept of organizational
structure that considers that every organization can be conceived as
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a network of interrelated processes to which a management model
called: Process Based Management can be applied. With this
approach begins to decay the vertical type organizational structure at
the level of functions, orienting to horizontal type structures, allowing
to address to customer satisfaction. (Rodriguez, 2018; Mallar, 2010)..
The process-based approach has its advantages:
Orients the company towards the customer and towards the
company's objectives.
To the extent that you know and know what you have to do. Resources
are optimized and rationalized.
Contribute to a broader vision of the organization (Value Chain).
Helps reduce operating and management costs
It is a great help for effective decision making.
Contributes to reducing development times
Allows self-evaluation of the outcome of your process.
Contributes to the development of own and lasting competitive
advantages
Process management provides the structure for cooperation across
functional boundaries. It encourages teamwork.
For an organization to be competitive it is necessary to generate value
for its customers, internal and external, increasing the effectiveness of
its management. This becomes a reality if the management model
based on processes is applied, which is based on the fulfillment of the
mission of the organizations, directing the necessary activities towards
the satisfaction of the client, suppliers, personnel, shareholders and
society in general. Putting this management model into practice
requires a new future strategy that stimulates the generation of added
value throughout the production chain, focusing on all its variables.
These new trends are what allows many productive and service
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companies that use this methodology to be different due to process
management. (Hernández Palma et al., 2016).
Results
Figure 4.
Plant layout
Source: Designed from Richard Muther, (1970)
The plant layout involves the physical arrangement of the industrial
elements. This arrangement, whether already practiced or planned,
includes the spaces necessary for material movement, storage,
indirect workers and all other activities or services, as well as work
equipment and shop floor personnel. When we use the term floor
layout, we sometimes refer to the existing physical layout, sometimes
to a projected new layout, and often we refer to the study area or the
work of making a floor layout. Hence, a plant layout can be an existing
facility, a plan or a job. However, the term is used so frequently that
we can rarely mistake its meaning. The work of designing a floor
layout covers a wide field. It may comprise only an individual
workplace or the complete arrangement of many acres of industrial
property. But in all cases, we must plan for an efficient layout. In 1968
Muther designed the Systematic Layout Planning methodology. To
solve the problems of plant layouts. (Richard Muther, 1970).
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Figure 5.
Path diagram
Source: (Yepes Piqueras, 2022)
It is a graphic representation of the surface of the link in which the
production or service activity takes place, it contains specific locations
of all the work stations and the layout of the movements of men
and/or materials. The route diagrams are a function of the movements
of the operator, machine, materials or process. It takes into account
operations, inspections, delays, transport and storage. The same
symbology is used as that of a process diagram. This diagram makes
it possible to identify possible congested areas, to determine the
progress and setbacks of the process and to facilitate the
development of a better plant layout. The objective, therefore, is the
improvement of methods, eliminating or reducing routes by means of
the appropriate plant layout. The route diagram can be two-
dimensional or even three-dimensional. Material handling increases
the cost of production without adding value to the product.
Therefore, the following is recommended to reduce it:
Arrange the materials at the height at which they are to be worked
with.
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Reduce as much as possible the distances traveled by the material
handled.
• Take advantage of gravity when possible.
• Transport as much as possible.
• Keep passageways clear.
• A good workplace layout depends, among others, on the
following factors:
• Product weight, size and mobility.
• Product complexity.
• Duration of the process.
(Yepes Piqueras, 2022)
Only by achieving the maximum productivity of the investments and
resources used by a company to manufacture its products will it be
possible to obtain them at a minimum cost.(Velasco Sánchez, 2014).
Process Map
Figure 6.
Process map
Source: Designed from Alonso, (2020).
The process map is a graphic representation that describes the
sequence and interaction of processes; it is an approach that defines
the organization as a system of interrelated processes that drives the
organization to have a vision beyond its geographical and functional
boundaries; it shows how its activities are related to external
customers, suppliers and stakeholders; it gives the opportunity to
improve coordination between the key elements of the organization;
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a method to visualize the activities of a company, at all levels, through
the processes ordered by their hierarchies and relationships. The
organizational structure shows or represents the way in which the
company should be organized, the processes the way in which the
inputs are transformed into output; both respond to the strategy
outlined. Therefore, showing on the map the main relationships
between the processes in response to the strategy set is very useful
for the improvement of the organizational structure.(Medina León et
al., 2019)..
Before starting to graphically represent the processes, it is important
to identify and know the types of processes that are related to each
other and are:
• Strategic Processes
• Operational Processes
• Support Processes
The process flow diagram represents a very important tool to describe
graphically any type of process either productive or service, the
diagrams convey information logically the sequence that has the
process, use symbols the same that have a different meaning which
allows a clear analysis, the symbols have a universal interpretation, in
this context among those that stand out are: American Society of
Mechanical Enginners (ASME), American National Standard Institute
(ANSI), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Dautches
Institut fur Normung (DIN). The husband and wife team, Frank
Gilbreth and Lillian Moller, (1921) Industrial Engineers presented the
process flow diagram to the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) in addition to other studies in different fields of
engineering.
Block diagram of the process:
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Figure 7.
Block diagram
Source: AUTHORS.
This type of diagram is considered the simplest, since it describes the
sequence of the process in general, reflecting the order of the sub-
processes.
Decision flow diagram:
Figure 8.
Decision flow diagram
Source: AUTHORS.
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These diagrams are of vertical and horizontal type, what they
represent are the activities of the process, it is necessary to emphasize
are the decisions to be taken in relation to the analysis to be carried
out. These diagrams can be used to represent the activities in which
some departments or areas interact.
Analytical Cursogram of the process.
Figure 9.
Analytical Cursogram
Source: Designed from Calderon, (2020).
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Diagram that represents all the actions (operation, transport,
inspection, waiting and storage) that take place in the development
of a job, thus showing the trajectory of a product and including the
times required for each action and the distances traveled. This
diagram presents a higher level of detail than the synoptic one, since
it records more information, which can then be used to improve the
process. The existing types of analytical flowcharts are:
1) From the operator, it follows the trajectory of a person, i.e. it
records all the movement flows of a person.
2) Of material, movement and sequence of material handling.
3) Of equipment, movement of the use of the equipment while it is
being used to develop some activity. Sanchis Gisbert, Raquel
(rsanchis@cigip.upv.es)
Process sheet.
Figure 10.
Process Sheet
Source: Designed from Ilzarbe, (2023).
It is a tool that contains a wide range of information related to the
process, this technical sheet identifies the person responsible for the
process, input and output elements, resources, activities and
indicators, among others. The information to be included in the
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process sheets is diverse and must be defined by the company or
organization that uses it.(Medina León et al., 2019).
A process sheet is considered an information support that describes
the relevant characteristics of the process. The information it contains
can be diverse, it will be in charge of the same organization and, as
can be seen in the illustration, it contains terms such as mission,
responsible, the interrelations of the inputs and outputs of the
process, the indicators and control variables, among others that have
been considered special for its management (Jaime Beltrán et al.,
Guide for a process-based management. pag.29-30).
SIPOC diagram.
Figure 11.
SIPOC diagram
Source: Designed from. Gehisy, (2017)..
The SIPOC Diagram, for its acronym in English: Supplier - Inputs-
Process- Outputs - Customers, This graphic tool allows to visualize the
process in a simple way, the way in which all the activities and tasks
of the process are described contributes in a successful way in the line
of value generation. It should be noted that it is used for the
development of process improvement strategies. Schmal & Olave,
(2014)
• Supplier: person or department that provides resources.
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• Resources (inputs): Resources are considered to be
information, materials and even people.
• Process: set of activities and tasks that transform inputs into
outputs, giving them added value.
• Output: Results obtained from the process, products, services,
data, reports and indicators.
• Customers: the person or department that receives the result
of the process.
Conclusions
During the Industrial Revolution, Taylorism is present in the period
(1856-1915) its contribution was oriented to work improvements and
increased productivity, finally established some principles and
standards, obtaining a higher performance of labor and optimization
of resources, among its main contributions is the study of times and
movements, as well as working methods. In 1919, after the signing of
the Treaty of Versailles, which put an end to the First World War, the
International Labor Organization (ILO) was created, focused on social
justice, which allowed in its first conference the adoption of 6
agreements: working hours in industries, unemployment, maternity
protection, night work of women and minors in industries, minimum
age. At the end of World War II, countries created the United Nations
(UN) to avoid future conflicts. As a result of the war, Japan had lost
much of its national wealth and industrial capacity. In 1946, Japan's
rapid post-war economic growth began and it soon became one of
the top 10 economies in the world. The origin of ISO standards dates
back to 1976, leveraging the standardization of processes; The Toyota
Production System (TPS) is the seed of the Japanese model, focusing
on efficiency, elimination of waste and continuous improvement,
permanently thinking about customer satisfaction, thanks to its
various methodologies produces and provides high quality services,
also allows to have safe and highly organized workplaces, thereby
reducing the high rates of accidents at work. The TPS model
represents today, the clearest evidence of sustainable growth focused
on the continuous improvement of processes and thus meet customer
needs. Process management has a great impact in the field of
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occupational safety as it provides a structured and technical
framework to identify, analyze and improve procedures related to
occupational hazards, by adopting a process management approach.
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