Análisis de riesgos por metales y pesticidas en el agua potable de Esmeraldas, Atcames y Río Verde, Euador
Resumen
La contaminación del agua por metales y pesticidas es uno de los focos de estudio principales en los últimos años en el ámbito ambiental. Tanto metales como pesticidas representan una preocupación creciente en todo el mundo debido a su toxicidad crónica, persistencia y bioacumulación en organismos. Algunos estudios han demostrado que la exposición a pesticidas organoclorados y metales como el arsénico (As), plomo (Pb), mercurio (Hg), cadmio (Cd), níquel (Ni) y cromo (Cr) pueden tener efectos severos sobre la salud humana. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la concentración de metales y pesticidas en diversos puntos del sistema de agua potable que abastece a los núcleos urbanos de Esmeraldas, Atacames y Río Verde y evaluar los posibles riesgos derivados de la presencia de estos contaminantes. El área de estudio comprende tres cantones, seleccionando un total de 28 puntos de muestreo a lo largo de todo el sistema de distribución de agua potable. Se analizaron un total de 15 metales y 12 pesticidas en las muestras de agua. Los valores de los índices calculados (R y HQ) para los metales y pesticidas analizados mostraron riesgos aceptables para la población por la ingesta de agua. Ninguno de los metales y pesticidas analizados contemplados en la normativa INEN 1108:2014, quinta revisión, superaron los valores de concentración límite establecidos. Es recomendable crear un plan de vigilancia sobre el agua potable en la región que se prolongue en el tiempo para garantizar la calidad del agua.Palabras clave: agua potable; metales; pesticidas; riesgo salud humana
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, water contamination by metals and pesticides is one of the main focuses of study in the environmental field. Both metals and pesticides are a worldwide growing concern because of their chronic toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in organisms. Several studies have shown that exposure to organochlorine pesticides and metals such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) can have severe human health effects. The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of metals and pesticides in various points throughout the distribution system of drinking water that supplies the towns of Esmeraldas, Atacames and Rio Verde, and assess the potential risks arising from the presence of these contaminants. The study area comprises three cantons with a total of 28 sampling points throughout the distribution system of drinking water. Fifteen metals and twelve pesticides were analyzed in all water samples. The risk indexes values calculated (R and HQ) for the metals and pesticides analyzed showed acceptable risks for the population by water intake. None of the analyzed metals and pesticides contemplated in the rules INEN 1108:2014, fifth review, exceeded the concentration limit values set. It is recommended to create a monitoring plan on drinking water in the region to ensure water quality.
Keywords: drinking water; human health risk; metals; pesticides;
Citas
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Muhammad S, Shah MT, Khan S. 2010. Arsenic health risk assessment in drinking water and source apportionment using multivariate statistical techniques in Kohistan region, northern Pakistan. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 48, 2855–2864.
Khan S, Cao Q, Zheng YM, Huang YZ, Zhu YG. 2008. Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing China. Environmental Pollution. 152, 686–692.
US EPA. 1997. Exposure factors handbook, EPA/600/P-95/002Fa. Washington, DC: Office of Research and Development National Center for Environmental Assessment.
BOE. 2003. REAL DECRETO 140/2003: Criterios sanitarios de la calidad del agua de consumo humano. España, 7 de febrero 2003.
Ahmet D, Fevzi Y, Tuna AL, Nedim O. 2006. Heavy metals in water, sediment and tissues of Leuciscus cephalus from a stream in southwestern Turkey, Chemosphere 63, 1451–1458.
Dawson EJ, Macklin MG, 1998. Speciation of heavy metals in floodplain and flood sediments: a reconnaissance survey of the Aire Valley, West Yorkshire, Great Britain. Environ. Geochem. Health 20, 67–76.
Shah MT, Ara J, Muhammad S, Khan S, Tariq S. 2012. Health risk assessment via surface water and sub-surface water consumption in the mafic and ultramafic terrain, Mohmand agency, northern Pakistan. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 118(0), 60-67.
Pekey H, Karaka D, Bakoglu M. 2004. Source apportionment of trace metals in surface waters of a polluted stream using multivariate statistical analysis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49, 809–818.
Ouyang Y, Higman J, Thompson J, Toole OT, Campbell D. 2002. Characterization and spatial distribution of heavy metals in sediment from Cedar and Ortega Rivers sub-basin. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 54, 19–35.
Strachan S. 2010. Trace elements. Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care 21(1), 44-48.
Loubières Y, Lassence AD, Bernier M, Vieillard-Baron A, Schmitt J-M, Page B, Jardin F. 1999. Acute, Fatal, Oral Chromic Acid Poisoning. Clinical Toxicology 37(3), 333-336.
Robert G, Mari G. 2003. Human Health Effects of Metals, US Environmental Protection Agency Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC.
Dieter HH, Bayer TA, Multhaup G. 2005. Environmental Copper and Manganese in the Pathophysiology of Neurologic Diseases (Alzheimer's Disease and Manganism). Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 33(1), 72-78.
Knight C, Kaiser J, Lalor GC, Robotham H, Witter JV. 1997. Heavy metals in surface water and stream sediments in Jamaica. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 19(2), 63-66.
Järup L. 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin 68(1), 167-182.
Mortada WI, Sobh MA, El-Defrawy MM, Farahat SE. 2001. Study of Lead Exposure from Automobile Exhaust as a Risk for Nephrotoxicity among Traffic Policemen. American Journal of Nephrology 21(4), 274-279.
Steenland K, Boffetta P. 2000. Lead and cancer in humans: Where are we now? American Journal of Industrial Medicine 38(3), 295-299.
Nordberg G, Jin T, Bernard A, Fierens S, Buchet JP, Ye T, Kong Q, Wang H. 2002. Low bone density and renal dysfunction following environmental cadmium exposure in China. Ambio 31, 478–481.
IARC, Cadmium and cadmium compounds, Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury and Exposure in the Glass Manufacturing Industry, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks-Humans. 58, 1993, pp. 119–2378, Lyon.
Lim MS, Yeo IW, Clement TP, Roh Y, Lee KK. 2007. Mathematical model for predicting microbial reduction and transport of arsenic in groundwater system. Water Research. 41, 2079–2088.
Rahman MA, Hasegawa H, Rahman MM, Miah MAM, Tasmin A. 2008. Arsenic accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L. human exposure through food chain. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 69, 317–324.
Josef G, Thundiyil Y, Smith AH, Steinmaus C. 2007. Seasonal variation of arsenic concentration in wells in Nevada. Environmental Research. 104, 367–373.
Chau NDG, Sebesvari Z, Amelung W, Renaud FG. 2015. Pesticide pollution of multiple drinking water sources in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: evidence from two provinces. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-17. 10.1007/s11356-014-4034-x
WHO. 2010. World health organization. Water for health. WHO guidelines for drinking water quality. http://www.who.int/water_ sanitation_health/WHS_WWD2010_guidelines_2010_6_en.pdf
Wu C, Luo Y, Gui T, Yan S. 2014. Characteristics and Potential Health Hazards of Organochlorine Pesticides in Shallow Groundwater of Two Cities in the Yangtze River Delta. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 42(7), 923-931.
Beard J, Marshall S, Jong K, Newton R, Triplett-McBride T, Humphries B, Bronks R. 2000. 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)- ethane (DDT) and Reduced Bone Mineral Density. Archives of Environmental Health, 55 (3), 177–180.
Colborn T, vom Saal FS, Soto AM. 1993. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives, 101 (5), 378–384.
McGlynn KA, Abnet CC, Zhang M, Sun X-D, Fan J-H, O'Brien TR, Wei W-Q, Ortiz-Conde BA, Dawsey SM, Weber J-P, Taylor PR, Katki H, Mark SD, Qiao Y-L. 2006. Serum Concentrations of 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and Risk of Primary Liver Cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 98(14), 1005-1010.
Wolff MS, Toniolo PG, Lee EW, Rivera M, Dubin N. 1993. Blood Levels of Organochlorine Residues and Risk of Breast Cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 85(8), 648-652.
Ennaceur S, Ridha D, Marcos R. 2008. Genotoxicity of the Organochlorine Pesticides 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-3-bis(p-chlorophenyl) Ethylene (DDE) and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in Cultured Human Lymphocytes. Chemosphere, 71 (7), 1335–1339.
SENAGUA. 2009. Informe de delimitación y codificación de unidades hidrográficas del Ecuador, nivel 5, metodología Pfafstetter, escala 1:250000. Secretaria Nacional del Agua (SENAGUA). Mayo 2009.
ESPAC. 2013. Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC), Ecuador. http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/estadisticas-agropecuarias-2/
Uso de Plaguicidas en la Agricultura. 2013. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC), Ecuador. http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/plaguicidas/
INEN. 2014. Norma Técnica Ecuatoriana INEN 1108:2014, Quinta revisión, por la que se establecen los requisitos que debe cumplir el agua potable para consumo humano. Ecuador.
Jahanshahi R, Zare M. 2015. Assessment of heavy metals pollution in groundwater of Golgohar iron ore mine area, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences. 74(1), 505-520.
US EPA. 1994. M-6020 A, Test Method 6020 A – Inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry. In: EPA-SW-846 Online. http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/6020a.pdf
US EPA. 2007. Method 8270D, Semivolatile organic compounds by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS), Revision 4, February 2007. http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/8270d.pdf
US EPA. 1999. Guidance for Performing Aggregate Exposure and Risk Assessments, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC.
US EPA. 2005. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, EPA/630/P-03/001F, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC.
Muhammad S, Shah MT, Khan S. 2010. Arsenic health risk assessment in drinking water and source apportionment using multivariate statistical techniques in Kohistan region, northern Pakistan. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 48, 2855–2864.
Khan S, Cao Q, Zheng YM, Huang YZ, Zhu YG. 2008. Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing China. Environmental Pollution. 152, 686–692.
US EPA. 1997. Exposure factors handbook, EPA/600/P-95/002Fa. Washington, DC: Office of Research and Development National Center for Environmental Assessment.
BOE. 2003. REAL DECRETO 140/2003: Criterios sanitarios de la calidad del agua de consumo humano. España, 7 de febrero 2003.
Publicado
2015-08-28
Cómo citar
Rubio, D., Correa, M., Salinas, E., Mera, R., & Mera, L. (2015). Análisis de riesgos por metales y pesticidas en el agua potable de Esmeraldas, Atcames y Río Verde, Euador. Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación Y Saberes, 4(2), 1-13. Recuperado a partir de http://revistasdigitales.utelvt.edu.ec/revista/index.php/investigacion_y_saberes/article/view/82
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Derechos de autor 2015 Daniel Rubio, Manuel Correa, Eleazar Salinas, Romel Mera, Leonardo Mera
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