Cigarrillo electrónico y alteraciones sistémicas: minireview actualizada 2026

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Ingrid Esmeralda Gurumendi España
Luisana Bárbara Carreño Torres
Freddy Johnson Alex Olaya Pacheco
Marco Antonio Calle Gómez

Resumen

Tobacco use remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Ecuador, although traditional tobacco use is on the decline, with a prevalence of 10.1%, the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has gained ground, with more than 290,000 vapers. Objective: To synthesize the current scientific evidence on the pathophysiological mechanisms and systemic alterations associated with the use of e-cigarettes. An updated narrative review of the literature was conducted to analyze the biological, respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological impacts of vaping. The evidence shows that the aerosol emitted by these devices contains nicotine, heavy metals, carbonyl compounds, and solvents such as propylene glycol and glycerin, all of which induce oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and systemic inflammation. At the respiratory level, vaping reduces spirometric parameters (FEV1 and FeNO) and disrupts mucociliary and phagocytic defense mechanisms, contributing to acute and chronic conditions such as vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI), pneumonitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis. In the cardiovascular system, nicotine-mediated sympathetic stimulation and endothelial dysfunction lead to hypertension, arterial stiffness, hypercoagulability, and accelerated atherogenesis, increasing the risk of heart attack and arrhythmias. With regard to the nervous system, nicotine acts on the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, reinforcing addiction; furthermore, animal models show that gestational and postnatal exposure to aerosols—with or without nicotine—causes neuroimmunological imbalance, epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation), and behavioral or cognitive disorders in offspring. E-cigarettes are not a harmless alternative and cause significant multisystemic damage. It is essential to further clinical research and implement stricter public health policies and regulatory measures to limit their use, protect vulnerable groups, and reduce the economic impact on healthcare systems.


Keywords: cigarette, public health, vapers.

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Cigarrillo electrónico y alteraciones sistémicas: minireview actualizada 2026. (2026). Revista Científica Interdisciplinaria Investigación Y Saberes, 16(3), 105-126. https://doi.org/10.53887/gzrvfx75

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